Viruses and Diseases: Marburg and Ebola
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Questions and Answers

Who is Charles Monet?

Frenchman living in Africa who became exposed to a level four virus in Kitum Cave.

What is Mount Elgon?

Isolated mountain on the border between Uganda and Kenya that holds Kitum Cave.

What is Kitum Cave?

Located on Mount Elgon and holds level 4 viruses.

Who is Dr. Shem Musoke?

<p>Physician at Nairobi Hospital who was infected with a virus after Monet's vomit got in his eyes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

How did Dr. Musoke continue to spread the virus?

<p>He kept caring for patients while he was sick.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Who is David Silverstein?

<p>Owned the largest private medical practice in East Africa and discovered a positive link to the Marburg virus.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was Dr. Musoke infected with?

<p>The Marburg virus.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a filovirus?

<p>Thread viruses that look alike.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which is worse, Ebola Zaire or Ebola Sudan?

<p>Ebola Zaire.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why can't a monkey or human be the primary host for the virus?

<p>A virus doesn't usually kill its natural host.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Who is Nancy Jaax?

<p>Major as a US Army veterinarian who works with viruses.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does USAMRIID stand for?

<p>United States Army Medical Research Institute for Infectious Diseases.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Where did Ebola get its name?

<p>The Ebola River.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Who is Eugene Johnson?

<p>Expert civilian army scientist for Ebola; runs Ebola program at USAMRIID.</p> Signup and view all the answers

How many proteins make up the Ebola virus?

<p>7 and scientists don't really know much about them.</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does Ebola appear to be spread?

<p>Direct contact with bodily fluids.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the effects of Ebola?

<p>Rash, bad cold, failure of immune system, projectile vomiting, muscle pain, internal and external bleeding.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What symptoms did the Ebola-infected monkeys face?

<p>Silent, deranged, motionless, not eating, bleeding to death, dilated pupils, distortion of face, bloody nose.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why is Nancy Jaax uneasy when she sees the monkeys?

<p>She is a veterinarian and becomes distressed to see a suffering animal.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the structure of a typical virus?

<p>A small capsule of membranes and proteins containing DNA and RNA.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happened to the Ebola-infected monkeys and the healthy monkeys?

<p>Infected monkeys were removed for surgery, while healthy monkeys got infected with Ebola because of a virus traveling through the air.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the slammer?

<p>A bio-containment hospital.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the submarine?

<p>If you failed to come out alive from the slammer, you were taken to a bio-containment morgue.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why these names for the slammer and submarine?

<p>To not scare the patient, or to not make it open to most of the public.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Who is Mr. Yu G?

<p>A store keeper in southern Sudan who was first to die from Ebola Sudan unexpectedly in 1976.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is Ebola Sudan?

<p>Ebola virus that originated from Maridi Hospital, 2x as lethal as Marburg, 50% fatality rate, travels through blood, didn't last long before it vanished.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Describe Ebola Zaire.

<p>Sprung from the Yambuku Mission Hospital, 2x lethal as Ebola Sudan, attacks tissue, creates blood clots and travels by blood, nearly liquefies every organ.</p> Signup and view all the answers

How was the disease spread through the hospital?

<p>The nurses nearly ever washed the needles for injections.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the C.D.C?

<p>Centers for Disease Control (and Prevention).</p> Signup and view all the answers

Who is Nurse Mayinga?

<p>A young nurse at the Ngaliema Hospital.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What risky thing did Nurse Mayinga do?

<p>She received symptoms from a patient and wandered around the city when she should have been at the hospital.</p> Signup and view all the answers

How many other people caught the virus from Nurse Mayinga?

<p>None, surprisingly.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What would have happened if the virus traveled through air?

<p>The world's population would have drastically decreased and it would have been extremely difficult to control.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why is the virus more like a predator?

<p>It has the ability to wipe out a population.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What did they do at the second visit to Kitum Cave and why did they do it?

<p>They treated it as a Level 4 Hot Zone with each station and brought monkeys and guinea pigs to the cave to experiment how they catch the virus from the bats.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a sentinel animal?

<p>An instrument to detect the virus in hope to break out with it eventually.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Mount Elgon

An isolated mountain located on the border between Uganda and Kenya, home to Kitum Cave.

Kitum Cave

A cave located on Mount Elgon that harbors level 4 viruses, including Ebola.

Level 4 Virus

A highly dangerous virus that can cause severe illness and death, requiring specialized containment measures.

Marburg Virus

A highly contagious and deadly virus, similar to Ebola, that can cause hemorrhagic fever.

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Filoviruses

A family of viruses characterized by their thread-like shape, including Ebola and Marburg.

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Ebola Zaire

A highly deadly strain of Ebola virus, known for its rapid spread and high fatality rate.

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Ebola Sudan

A strain of Ebola virus, less lethal than Ebola Zaire, but still causing significant mortality.

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Virus Host

An organism that harbors a virus without being killed, allowing the virus to survive and reproduce.

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USAMRIID

The United States Army Medical Research Institute for Infectious Diseases, specializing in researching dangerous viruses like Ebola.

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Ebola Transmission

Spread through direct contact with infected bodily fluids, such as blood, vomit, or saliva.

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Ebola Symptoms

Rash, severe cold, muscle pain, bleeding, projectile vomiting, and immune system failure.

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Ebola Virus Structure

Composed of a capsule made of membranes and proteins, containing DNA and RNA, with a limited understanding of its proteins.

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Sentinel Animal

An animal used to detect the presence of a virus, helping to understand transmission pathways and prevent outbreaks.

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Bio-containment Facility

A secure facility designed to isolate and treat patients with highly contagious diseases.

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Bio-containment Morgue

A specialized morgue for handling the bodies of patients who died from highly contagious diseases.

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Mr. Yu G

The first documented victim of Ebola Sudan, providing crucial insights into the virus's origin and spread.

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Ebola Sudan Characteristics

Originated in Maridi hospital, twice as lethal as Marburg, with a fatality rate of 50%.

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Ebola Zaire Characteristics

Emerged from Yambuku Mission Hospital, twice as deadly as Ebola Sudan.

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Nurse Mayinga

A young nurse who contracted Ebola after caring for a patient, highlighting the risk of hospital transmission.

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Airborne Virus Transmission

The ability of a virus to spread through the air, posing a significant threat to public health.

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Virus as Predator

The virus behaves like a predator, capable of wiping out populations, highlighting its potential for devastation.

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Kitum Cave Experiments

Subsequent visits to the cave treated it as a level 4 Hot Zone to study how bats transmit the virus to other animals.

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Charles Monet

A Frenchman who contracted Ebola in Kitum Cave, Africa.

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Dr. Shem Musoke

A Nairobi hospital physician who contracted Ebola from Charles Monet's vomit.

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David Silverstein

Owner of a large medical practice in East Africa who linked Marburg virus to patient cases.

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Nancy Jaax

A US Army veterinarian specializing in virus research, playing a crucial role in studying Ebola.

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Eugene Johnson

A civilian army scientist specializing in Ebola, overseeing the USAMRIID Ebola program.

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Study Notes

Charles Monet

  • Frenchman exposed to a level four virus in Kitum Cave, Africa.

Mount Elgon

  • Isolated mountain on the Uganda-Kenya border with Kitum Cave.

Kitum Cave

  • Located on Mount Elgon; contains level 4 viruses.

Dr. Shem Musoke

  • Nairobi hospital physician infected by Monet's vomit entering his eyes.

Virus Transmission by Dr. Musoke

  • Continued caring for patients while infected, facilitating virus spread.

David Silverstein

  • Owner of East Africa's largest private medical practice, linked Marburg virus to patient cases.

Dr. Musoke's Infection

  • Contracted the Marburg virus.

Filoviruses

  • A group of thread-like viruses that resemble each other.

Ebola Zaire vs. Ebola Sudan

  • Ebola Zaire is more lethal than Ebola Sudan.

Virus Hosts

  • Viruses do not usually kill their natural hosts; neither monkeys nor humans can be primary hosts for the virus.

Nancy Jaax

  • US Army veterinarian specializing in virus research.

USAMRIID

  • Stands for United States Army Medical Research Institute for Infectious Diseases.

Ebola Name Origin

  • Named after the Ebola River.

Eugene Johnson

  • Civilian army scientist specializing in Ebola; oversees the USAMRIID Ebola program.

Ebola Virus Structure

  • Composed of seven proteins, with limited scientific knowledge about their functions.

Ebola Transmission

  • Spread via direct contact with infected bodily fluids.

Effects of Ebola

  • Symptoms include rash, severe cold, immune system failure, projectile vomiting, muscle pain, and bleeding.

Symptoms in Infected Monkeys

  • Silent, deranged, motionless, not eating, bleeding, dilated pupils, and facial distortion.

Nancy Jaax's Distress

  • As a veterinarian, she feels uneasy upon seeing suffering animals.

Virus Structure

  • Consists of a small capsule made of membranes and proteins containing DNA and RNA.

Monkey Infection Outcomes

  • Infected monkeys were removed for surgery; healthy monkeys became infected through airborne transmission.

Bio-containment Facility ("The Slammer")

  • Hospital designed to contain biohazard patients.

Bio-containment Morgue ("The Submarine")

  • Used for patients who did not survive after being admitted to the Slammer.

Naming Purpose

  • Names to alleviate patient fears and maintain public discretion.

Mr. Yu G

  • First documented victim of Ebola Sudan in southern Sudan in 1976.

Characteristics of Ebola Sudan

  • Originated from Maridi hospital; twice as lethal as Marburg, with a 50% fatality rate.

Characteristics of Ebola Zaire

  • Emerged from Yambuku Mission Hospital; twice as deadly as Ebola Sudan.

Hospital Disease Spread

  • Nurses rarely washed needles, facilitating virus transmission.

C.D.C.

  • Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.

Nurse Mayinga

  • Young nurse at Ngaliema Hospital who exhibited symptoms after caring for a patient.

Nurse Mayinga's Risk

  • Wandered the city after showing symptoms instead of staying in the hospital.

Spread from Nurse Mayinga

  • Surprisingly, no individuals contracted the virus from her.

Airborne Virus Concern

  • Airborne transmission could drastically reduce the global population and increase difficulty controlling outbreaks.

Virus as Predator

  • The virus has capabilities similar to a predator by potentially wiping out populations.

Kitum Cave Experiments

  • Subsequent visits treated the cave as a Level 4 Hot Zone to study how bats transmit the virus to other animals.

Sentinel Animal

  • An animal used to detect the virus, aiming to establish potential infection pathways in future outbreaks.

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Description

Explore the details surrounding the Marburg and Ebola viruses, their transmission, and the significant individuals involved in their outbreaks. This quiz covers key information about the Kitum Cave, virus hosts, and notable physicians like Dr. Shem Musoke and Nancy Jaax. Test your knowledge on these critical topics related to infectious diseases.

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