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Questions and Answers
Which of the following are classified as factors that microbes must adapt to for survival?
What distinguishes autotrophs from heterotrophs?
Which type of transport mechanism requires energy input to move substances against a concentration gradient?
Which type of microbial association benefits both organisms involved?
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What is quorum sensing primarily responsible for in microbial communities?
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Which stage of the microbial growth curve is characterized by the highest rate of cell division?
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In contexts of osmotic conditions, what is the impact of hypertonic environments on microbial cells?
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What is binary fission?
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What is the primary structure that protects viral genetic material?
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Which of the following correctly describes the function of viral envelopes?
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What distinguishes a lytic cycle from a lysogenic cycle in bacteriophages?
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What is the function of spikes on viral surfaces?
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Which technique is NOT commonly used for culturing viruses?
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How do prions differ from typical viruses?
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Which characteristic is crucial for classifying viruses?
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Which of the following statements about viral multiplication is accurate?
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What is the main function of the viral envelope?
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Which component of a virus differentiates it from other microorganisms?
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What describes lysogeny in bacteriophages?
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Which stage follows the attachment of an animal virus to a host cell?
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How are prions different from viruses?
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What is a key characteristic used for classifying viruses?
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What process describes the stages a virus undergoes from entry to release in a host?
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What are viroids primarily made of?
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What is the significance of spikes on the surface of a virus?
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Which method is NOT commonly used for culturing viruses?
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What defines a heterotroph in terms of nutrient acquisition?
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Which type of association among microorganisms results in one organism benefiting while the other is neither helped nor harmed?
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What typically occurs during the stationary phase of the microbial growth curve?
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What is the main feature of active transport mechanisms in cells?
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Which statement accurately distinguishes between habitat and niche?
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Which factor is critical in influencing the osmotic pressure that microbes can tolerate?
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What are the main characteristics of biofilms formed by microorganisms?
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Which of the following describes periods of microbial growth accurately?
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What defines osmosis in relation to cellular environments?
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Which of the following is a characteristic of symbiotic relationships among microorganisms?
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What is the primary function of a capsid in a virus?
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Prions are viral particles that possess genetic material.
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What term describes the relationship between a virus and its host cell?
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The viral __________ is made of protein subunits that form a protective shell around the nucleic acid.
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Match the following viral components with their functions:
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Which of the following viruses is released from a host cell by the process of budding?
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Lysogenic conversion involves the incorporation of viral DNA into the host's chromosome.
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Name two major techniques used for culturing viruses.
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The viruses that infect bacteria are called __________.
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What is the primary importance of cultivating viruses?
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Which of the following best describes the term 'quorum sensing'?
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All microorganisms have the same temperature ranges for optimal growth.
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What is the primary function of bioelements in microbial nutrition?
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Microorganisms that cannot synthesize their own food and depend on external sources of organic compounds are known as __________.
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Match the following types of microbial associations with their descriptions:
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What type of transport mechanism allows molecules to move across a membrane without using energy?
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Osmosis is specifically the movement of solutes across a selectively permeable membrane.
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Explain the difference between habitat and niche.
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In the __________ phase of microbial growth, the rate of cell division slows and the number of dying cells begins to exceed new growth.
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Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of active transport mechanisms?
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Study Notes
Virology
- Viruses are acellular meaning they are not made of cells
- Viruses are obligate intracellular parasites meaning they must infect a host cell to replicate
- Viruses are classified by their structure, size, and genome.
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Viral structure has three main parts:
- Capsid: the protein coat that protects the viral genome
- Nucleocapsid: the capsid and the nucleic acid together
- Envelope: the outer membrane that surrounds some viruses
- Viruses can replicate in animal cells or bacteria
- Animal viruses have a variety of attachment and entry mechanisms, including fusion with the cell membrane, endocytosis, and direct penetration
- Bacteriophages (viruses that infect bacteria) use a process called lysogeny to integrate their DNA into the host cell's chromosome, which allows them to persist in the host cell without causing immediate harm
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Viruses can be cultivated in several ways, including:
- Chick embryos: useful for growing certain viruses, like influenza
- Tissue culture: growing virus in a petri dish with living cells
- Live laboratory animals: some viruses can only be grown in animals
- Non-viral infectious particles include prions: misfolded proteins that cause other proteins to misfold and viroids: small, circular RNA molecules that can cause disease in plants
Microbial Growth
- Microbial growth is an increase in the number of cells in a population
- Nutrients are essential for microbial growth and can be organic or inorganic
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Nutritional types include:
- Autotrophs: organisms that can make their own food
- Heterotrophs: organisms that must consume other organisms for food
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Environmental factors that affect microbial growth include:
- Temperature: microbes have different temperature optima
- pH: microbes have different pH optima
- Oxygen: microbes have different oxygen requirements
- Osmotic pressure: microbes have different osmotic pressure tolerances
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Microbial associations can be:
- Symbiotic: when two organisms live in close association
- Synergistic: when two organisms benefit from each other
- Antagonistic: when one organism inhibits the growth of another
- Biofilms are microbial communities that are attached to a surface, often formed through a process called quorum sensing which allows bacteria to communicate
- Microbial growth is measured in terms of the number of cells in a population
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The four phases of microbial growth are:
- Lag phase: period of adjustment to new environment
- Exponential phase: period of rapid growth
- Stationary phase: period of no growth
- Death phase: period of cell death
- Microbial growth can be analyzed using a variety of techniques, such as microscopy, plate counting, and turbidity measurements
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Description
This quiz covers the essential concepts of virology, including the nature of viruses, their classification, structure, and replication processes. You'll learn about viral components like the capsid, nucleocapsid, and envelope, as well as the mechanisms by which viruses infect host cells. Test your knowledge of how viruses behave in various environments, including animal cells and bacteria.