Virology Fundamentals
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Virology Fundamentals

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Which of the following are classified as factors that microbes must adapt to for survival?

  • Energy consumption rates and habitat types
  • Microbial interactions and genetic mutations
  • Temperature, nutrients, and osmotic pressure (correct)
  • Inorganic compounds and light intensity

    • What distinguishes autotrophs from heterotrophs?

  • Oxygen requirements: autotrophs can only survive in oxygen-rich environments
  • Habitat preference: autotrophs live in aquatic environments while heterotrophs do not
  • Source of carbon: autotrophs use inorganic sources while heterotrophs use organic sources (correct)
  • Energy source: autotrophs can only use light, while heterotrophs cannot

    • Which type of transport mechanism requires energy input to move substances against a concentration gradient?

  • Osmosis
  • Diffusion
  • Facilitated diffusion
  • Active transport (correct)

    • Which type of microbial association benefits both organisms involved?

    <p>Mutualism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is quorum sensing primarily responsible for in microbial communities?

    <p>The formation of biofilms</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which stage of the microbial growth curve is characterized by the highest rate of cell division?

    <p>Log phase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In contexts of osmotic conditions, what is the impact of hypertonic environments on microbial cells?

    <p>Cells shrivel due to loss of water</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is binary fission?

    <p>A process where a cell divides into two genetically identical daughter cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary structure that protects viral genetic material?

    <p>Capsid</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following correctly describes the function of viral envelopes?

    <p>Facilitate attachment to host cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes a lytic cycle from a lysogenic cycle in bacteriophages?

    <p>Lytic cycle results in immediate production of new viruses</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of spikes on viral surfaces?

    <p>Assist in host cell attachment</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which technique is NOT commonly used for culturing viruses?

    <p>Antibiotic treatment</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do prions differ from typical viruses?

    <p>Prions are composed of protein only</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which characteristic is crucial for classifying viruses?

    <p>Type of genetic material</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements about viral multiplication is accurate?

    <p>Involves several distinct stages</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of the viral envelope?

    <p>To facilitate the attachment and entry of the virus into host cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which component of a virus differentiates it from other microorganisms?

    <p>Capsid</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What describes lysogeny in bacteriophages?

    <p>Integration of viral DNA into the host DNA</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which stage follows the attachment of an animal virus to a host cell?

    <p>Uncoating of the viral particle</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How are prions different from viruses?

    <p>Prions consist of proteins only and lack genetic material</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key characteristic used for classifying viruses?

    <p>Capsid structure and type</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What process describes the stages a virus undergoes from entry to release in a host?

    <p>Multiplication cycle</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are viroids primarily made of?

    <p>Single-stranded RNA</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of spikes on the surface of a virus?

    <p>They facilitate the entry of viruses into host cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which method is NOT commonly used for culturing viruses?

    <p>Synthetic media</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What defines a heterotroph in terms of nutrient acquisition?

    <p>Obtains energy from organic compounds</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of association among microorganisms results in one organism benefiting while the other is neither helped nor harmed?

    <p>Commensalism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What typically occurs during the stationary phase of the microbial growth curve?

    <p>The number of new cells equals the number of dying cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main feature of active transport mechanisms in cells?

    <p>Movement against a concentration gradient</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement accurately distinguishes between habitat and niche?

    <p>A habitat includes organisms, while a niche describes the interactions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which factor is critical in influencing the osmotic pressure that microbes can tolerate?

    <p>Concentration of solutes in the surrounding medium</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the main characteristics of biofilms formed by microorganisms?

    <p>They exhibit coordinated behavior through quorum sensing</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following describes periods of microbial growth accurately?

    <p>The exponential phase is characterized by rapid cell division.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What defines osmosis in relation to cellular environments?

    <p>Diffusion of water across a semi-permeable membrane</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a characteristic of symbiotic relationships among microorganisms?

    <p>Both organisms mutually benefit from the association</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of a capsid in a virus?

    <p>To protect the viral genetic material</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Prions are viral particles that possess genetic material.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What term describes the relationship between a virus and its host cell?

    <p>virus-host relationship</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The viral __________ is made of protein subunits that form a protective shell around the nucleic acid.

    <p>capsid</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following viral components with their functions:

    <p>Capsid = Protects genetic material Envelope = Aids in host cell entry Spikes = Facilitate attachment to host cells Nucleocapsid = Contains viral genome</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following viruses is released from a host cell by the process of budding?

    <p>Animal viruses</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Lysogenic conversion involves the incorporation of viral DNA into the host's chromosome.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Name two major techniques used for culturing viruses.

    <p>Chick embryos and tissue culture</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The viruses that infect bacteria are called __________.

    <p>bacteriophages</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary importance of cultivating viruses?

    <p>To produce vaccines</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes the term 'quorum sensing'?

    <p>A communication process among microorganisms</p> Signup and view all the answers

    All microorganisms have the same temperature ranges for optimal growth.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of bioelements in microbial nutrition?

    <p>They serve as essential nutrients for microbial growth and metabolism.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Microorganisms that cannot synthesize their own food and depend on external sources of organic compounds are known as __________.

    <p>heterotrophs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following types of microbial associations with their descriptions:

    <p>Symbiosis = Both organisms benefit Commensalism = One organism benefits, the other is not affected Parasitism = One organism benefits at the expense of another Synergism = Two organisms benefit from their association</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of transport mechanism allows molecules to move across a membrane without using energy?

    <p>Facilitated diffusion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Osmosis is specifically the movement of solutes across a selectively permeable membrane.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Explain the difference between habitat and niche.

    <p>Habitat is the environment where an organism lives, while niche refers to the role or function of that organism within the ecosystem.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the __________ phase of microbial growth, the rate of cell division slows and the number of dying cells begins to exceed new growth.

    <p>stationary</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of active transport mechanisms?

    <p>Occurs spontaneously without cellular energy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Virology

    • Viruses are acellular meaning they are not made of cells
    • Viruses are obligate intracellular parasites meaning they must infect a host cell to replicate
    • Viruses are classified by their structure, size, and genome.
    • Viral structure has three main parts:
      • Capsid: the protein coat that protects the viral genome
      • Nucleocapsid: the capsid and the nucleic acid together
      • Envelope: the outer membrane that surrounds some viruses
    • Viruses can replicate in animal cells or bacteria
    • Animal viruses have a variety of attachment and entry mechanisms, including fusion with the cell membrane, endocytosis, and direct penetration
    • Bacteriophages (viruses that infect bacteria) use a process called lysogeny to integrate their DNA into the host cell's chromosome, which allows them to persist in the host cell without causing immediate harm
    • Viruses can be cultivated in several ways, including:
      • Chick embryos: useful for growing certain viruses, like influenza
      • Tissue culture: growing virus in a petri dish with living cells
      • Live laboratory animals: some viruses can only be grown in animals
    • Non-viral infectious particles include prions: misfolded proteins that cause other proteins to misfold and viroids: small, circular RNA molecules that can cause disease in plants

    Microbial Growth

    • Microbial growth is an increase in the number of cells in a population
    • Nutrients are essential for microbial growth and can be organic or inorganic
    • Nutritional types include:
      • Autotrophs: organisms that can make their own food
      • Heterotrophs: organisms that must consume other organisms for food
    • Environmental factors that affect microbial growth include:
      • Temperature: microbes have different temperature optima
      • pH: microbes have different pH optima
      • Oxygen: microbes have different oxygen requirements
      • Osmotic pressure: microbes have different osmotic pressure tolerances
    • Microbial associations can be:
      • Symbiotic: when two organisms live in close association
      • Synergistic: when two organisms benefit from each other
      • Antagonistic: when one organism inhibits the growth of another
    • Biofilms are microbial communities that are attached to a surface, often formed through a process called quorum sensing which allows bacteria to communicate
    • Microbial growth is measured in terms of the number of cells in a population
    • The four phases of microbial growth are:
      • Lag phase: period of adjustment to new environment
      • Exponential phase: period of rapid growth
      • Stationary phase: period of no growth
      • Death phase: period of cell death
      • Microbial growth can be analyzed using a variety of techniques, such as microscopy, plate counting, and turbidity measurements

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    Description

    This quiz covers the essential concepts of virology, including the nature of viruses, their classification, structure, and replication processes. You'll learn about viral components like the capsid, nucleocapsid, and envelope, as well as the mechanisms by which viruses infect host cells. Test your knowledge of how viruses behave in various environments, including animal cells and bacteria.

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