Virology and Immunology Quiz

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Questions and Answers

What percentage of cervical cancers is associated with HPV-16?

50% (correct)

20%

70%

30%

Which of the following polyomaviruses is associated with malignant tumors in humans?

HPyV

MCPyV (correct)

JCPyV

BKPyV

What is the main cause of allograft dysfunction and graft loss after renal transplantation?

HPV

PML

PVAN (correct)

HIV

What is the result of the interaction between HPV E7 protein and cellular tumor suppressor?

Binding to cellular tumor suppressor Rb Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a disease associated with HPV?

Meningitis Signup and view all the answers

What is the duration of efficacy of HPV vaccines based on L1 VLPs?

At least 7 years Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following polyomaviruses is associated with progressive multifocal leuco-encephalopathy (PML)?

JCPyV Signup and view all the answers

How many types of HPV are recognized?

More than 120 Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following viruses was discovered in 2008?

Merkel Cell Polyomavirus Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic of the genome of polyomaviruses compared to papillomaviruses?

Smaller genome Signup and view all the answers

What percentage of cervical carcinomas contain HPV DNA?

90% Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following viruses is associated with Progressive Multifocal Leukoencephalopathy?

JC Polyomavirus Signup and view all the answers

What is the most common type of cervical cancer?

Squamous cell carcinoma Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following HPV serotypes are considered 'high risk'?

HPV-16, 18, 31, 35 Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following viruses has no known associated disease?

Human Polyomavirus 9 Signup and view all the answers

What is the genus of the Merkel Cell Polyomavirus?

Alphapolyomavirus Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary cause of head and neck papillomas?

HPV-6, 11 Signup and view all the answers

What is the most common site for oropharyngeal cancers related to HPV?

All of the above Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following viruses is associated with Nephropathy and Hemorrhagic Cystitis?

BK Polyomavirus Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary risk factor for anal cancer?

HPV infection Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following viruses was discovered in 2012?

STL Polyomavirus Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following viruses is associated with Trichodysplasia Spinulosa?

Trichodysplasia Spinulosa Polyomavirus Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary cause of vulvar cancer?

Both HPV infection and lichen sclerosus Signup and view all the answers

What is the recommended method for early detection of vaginal cancer?

Pap smears Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary mode of transmission of HPV?

Through direct contact with lesions of infected individuals or contact with environmental surfaces Signup and view all the answers

What is the shape of the Human Papilloma Virus (HPV) capsid?

Icosahedral Signup and view all the answers

What percentage of all cancers worldwide are attributable to HPVs?

4.5% Signup and view all the answers

What is the approximate size of the Human Papilloma Virus (HPV) genome?

8kbp Signup and view all the answers

What is the percentage of cancer cases in women attributable to HPVs?

8.6% Signup and view all the answers

What is the result of the integration of the HPV genome into the host chromosomes?

Upregulation of E6 and E7 oncogene expression Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following proteins are inactivated by Human Papilloma Virus (HPV) non-structural proteins?

Retinoblastoma (RB) and p53 Signup and view all the answers

What is the characteristic of papillomas caused by Human Papilloma Virus (HPV) on different body surfaces?

Warts on skin and chondylomas on mucosal surfaces and genitalia Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of E6 protein in HPV infection?

Targets p53 for ubiquitylation and destruction Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following HPV serotypes are specifically associated with cervical dysplasia and carcinoma?

Types 16, 18, 31, 35 Signup and view all the answers

What is the consequence of the loss of normal cell cycle checkpoints in HPV infection?

Unregulated DNA replication and chromosomal damage Signup and view all the answers

In which stage of epithelial cell differentiation does Human Papilloma Virus (HPV) replication occur?

Upper spinous layers Signup and view all the answers

Why is HPV16 considered a high-risk strain?

It is unknown, but it may be due to its ability to integrate into the host genome Signup and view all the answers

What is the percentage of cancer cases in men attributable to HPVs?

0.8% Signup and view all the answers

What is the result of virion assembly in the Human Papilloma Virus (HPV) replication cycle?

Virus shedding in the stratum corneum Signup and view all the answers

What is the characteristic of Human Papilloma Virus (HPV) DNA replication in basal cells?

Steady-state DNA replication Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Papillomaviruses

Papillomaviruses are found in most mammalian species, birds, and reptiles, with over 120 types of HPV recognized.
Some HPVs are associated with skin lesions, such as common hand warts and plantar verrucas.
More than 30 HPV types infect the genital mucosa and are associated with a variety of lesions, ranging from benign genital warts to invasive cervical cancers.
HPV types can be grouped into high-risk and low-risk types, dependent on their oncogenic potential.
HPV-16 is the most common high-risk HPV worldwide, associated with more than 50% of cervical cancers.
HPV vaccines based on L1 VLPs have been shown to be highly efficacious against infection and disease associated with the HPV types present in the vaccine.

Characteristics of HPV

HPV has a circular double-stranded DNA genome within an icosahedral capsid.
The genome is limited, with a capacity of ~8kbp.
HPV encodes capsid proteins and non-structural proteins that promote viral DNA replication and inactivate important cell cycle checkpoint proteins, retinoblastoma (RB) and p53.
HPV is the causative agent of papillomas on cutaneous skin and mucosal surfaces.

Replication Cycle of HPV

The replication cycle is intimately associated with the differentiation state of the epithelial cell.
Following introduction of the virus into the basal squamous epithelial cell, early viral gene expression and steady-state viral DNA replication occur.
Late gene expression and vegetative viral DNA replication begin as cells move upwards in the epithelium and differentiate.
Virion assembly occurs in the upper spinous layers, coincident with disintegration of the nucleus and other cellular organelles, and the virus is shed in the stratum corneum.

Epidemiology of HPV

Transmission occurs through direct contact with lesions of infected individuals or by contact with environmental surfaces harboring the virus.
HPV is the most common sexually transmitted infection worldwide.
Prevalent in young women, but infections may also occur in sexually active adults.
Globally, 4.5% of all cancers are attributable to HPVs, which are responsible for 8.6% of cancer cases in women and 0.8% in men.

Pathogenesis of HPV

Low-grade intraepithelial lesions support productive viral replication, while an unknown number of high-risk HPV infections progress to high-grade cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (HGCIN).
The progression of untreated lesions to microinvasive and invasive cancer is associated with the integration of the HPV genome into the host chromosomes with associated loss or disruption of E2, and subsequent upregulation of E6 and E7 oncogene expression.
E6 targets p53 cell cycle checkpoint protein for ubiquitylation and destruction in the proteosome, while E7 binds Rb and promotes its proteosomal destruction.

Polyomaviruses

Merkel cell polyomavirus (MCPyV) is the only human polyomavirus clearly associated with malignant tumors in humans.
BKPyV and JCPyV are associated with diseases in immunosuppressed individuals.
Polyomavirus-associated nephropathy (PVAN) caused by BKPyV is a significant cause of allograft dysfunction and graft loss after renal transplantation.
Progressive multifocal leuco-encephalopathy (PML) caused by JCPyV is found mostly in patients with advanced HIV disease, but recently is also associated with the use of immune modulating therapeutic monoclonal antibodies.
Other human polyomaviruses include HPyV9, HPyV12, NJPyV, KIPyV, and WUPyV, among others.

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Description

Test your knowledge of human papillomavirus (HPV) and its relation to cervical cancer, as well as other viruses and their impact on human health. Questions cover various aspects of virology and immunology.