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Questions and Answers
Which of the following statements about the Baltimore classification is true?
Which of the following statements about the Baltimore classification is true?
What are the components of a virion?
What are the components of a virion?
Which immunological component falls under adaptive immunity?
Which immunological component falls under adaptive immunity?
What is characteristic of viruses in the Orthomyxoviridae family?
What is characteristic of viruses in the Orthomyxoviridae family?
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Which childhood viral disease is caused by a virus from the Picornavirus family?
Which childhood viral disease is caused by a virus from the Picornavirus family?
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What phenomenon best explains the emergence of new influenza strains?
What phenomenon best explains the emergence of new influenza strains?
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Which member of the Paramyxoviridae family is associated with mumps?
Which member of the Paramyxoviridae family is associated with mumps?
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Which childhood viral disease is known for causing viral warts?
Which childhood viral disease is known for causing viral warts?
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What is the first step in the pathogenesis of a viral disease in a host?
What is the first step in the pathogenesis of a viral disease in a host?
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Which component is characteristic of innate immunity in response to a viral infection?
Which component is characteristic of innate immunity in response to a viral infection?
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Which statement best describes the effect of genetic variation in influenza type A and B viruses?
Which statement best describes the effect of genetic variation in influenza type A and B viruses?
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What is the primary viral cause of Hand, Foot, and Mouth Disease?
What is the primary viral cause of Hand, Foot, and Mouth Disease?
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Which virus is specifically linked to the characteristic of having an antigenically stable genome?
Which virus is specifically linked to the characteristic of having an antigenically stable genome?
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Which of the following viruses is classified under the Paramyxovirus family and is known for causing measles?
Which of the following viruses is classified under the Paramyxovirus family and is known for causing measles?
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What role does APOBEC3 play in the immune response to viral infections?
What role does APOBEC3 play in the immune response to viral infections?
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Which member of the Togaviridae family causes German measles?
Which member of the Togaviridae family causes German measles?
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Study Notes
Viral Taxonomy
- Viruses are infectious entities that can replicate only inside a host cell
- Viruses are classified using binomial nomenclature and the Baltimore classification
- From 2021 viruses require binomial nomenclature
- Baltimore classification groups viruses based on the nature of their genome and the method of mRNA synthesis
- Virion is the extracellular, infective form of a virus
Characteristics
- Pleomorphism refers to the ability of a virus to have various shapes and sizes
- Viruses can be classified based on their size, shape, and genomic structure
- Viruses have a protein coat called a capsid, which surrounds the genetic material (DNA or RNA)
Life Cycle
- Viruses infect host cells and use the host's machinery to replicate
- Replication involves attachment, entry, replication, assembly, and release
Pathogenesis
- Viruses can cause disease by damaging host cells and tissues
- Viral spread can occur through direct contact, respiratory droplets, or bodily fluids
- The immune system can fight off viral infections
- Viral diseases range from mild to severe
Immune Response
- Innate immunity is the body's first line of defense against pathogens and involves mechanisms like complement, interferons, NK cells
- Adaptive immunity is a more specific type of immunity involving antibodies, t-cells, and memory cells
Common Childhood Viral Diseases
- Human Papillomavirus (HPV) causes warts
- Rhinoviruses are a common cause of the common cold
- Paramyxoviridae family is characterized by respiratory infections, including measles, mumps, and rubella
- Adenoviruses cause a range of symptoms such as cold symptoms, fever, sore throat, bronchitis, pneumonia, and diarrhea
- Orthomyxoviruses , including influenza viruses (types A, B, and C), are responsible for flu
- Influenza viruses have a segmented genome, which allows for genetic reassortment, leading to new strains
- SARS-CoV-2 is the virus responsible for COVID-19
- Picornaviruses, such as Coxsackie A viruses cause hand, foot, and mouth disease
- Measles is a highly contagious viral disease caused by the measles virus
- Mumps is a viral illness that affects the salivary glands
- Rubella is a viral illness known as German measles
- Chicken pox is a viral illness known as Varicella Zoster
Viral Taxonomy
- Viruses are infectious entities with different stages of development
- Virions are complete viral particles with a genome, capsid, and envelope
- Pleomorphism refers to the variability in virus morphology
- Viruses are typically classified by their structure, life cycle and host range
Virus Structure
- Viruses have a genome (either DNA or RNA), a capsid (protein coat), and sometimes an envelope
- The capsid protects the genome and helps the virus attach to host cells
- The envelope is derived from the host cell membrane and helps the virus enter host cells
Virus Life Cycle
- Viruses replicate by entering host cells, taking over the host cell's machinery, and producing new viral particles
- If no host is present, viruses cannot replicate and may persist in a dormant state
Virus Pathogenesis
- Viral infection occurs when a virus enters a host and replicates
- The virus may spread locally or systemically, depending on its properties and the host's immune system.
- Viruses enter the host through a variety of routes like respiratory droplets, skin contact, or contaminated food and water
- Viral shedding occurs when the virus is released from the host and can infect others
Cellular Response to viral infection
- The host immune system responds to viral infection through innate and adaptive immune responses
- Innate immunity provides an immediate, non-specific response
- Adaptive immunity is a slower, more specific response that provides long-term protection
Outcome of Viral Disease
- Infection can lead to a variety of outcomes depending on factors like viral properties, host immunity, and environmental factors.
- Outcomes range from asymptomatic infection to severe disease, including death
Human Papillomavirus (HPV)
- HPV causes warts
- Most HPV infections are harmless and clear naturally, but some strains can cause cervical cancer
- HPV can be prevented through vaccination
Rhinoviruses
- Rhinoviruses cause common colds
- Rhinoviruses are spread through respiratory droplets
Paramyxoviridae
- Paramyxoviridae is a family of viruses that includes measles, mumps, and respiratory syncytial virus (RSV)
Orthomyxoviruses
- Orthomyxoviruses include influenza viruses
- Influenza viruses are divided into types A, B, and C, with types A & B causing seasonal epidemics
Influenza
- Seasonal influenza is caused by influenza viruses, specifically types A and B
- Influenza viruses undergo genetic variation, which allows them to evade the immune system and cause new epidemics
- Influenza virus infections can be prevented and treated with vaccination and antiviral drugs
SARS-CoV-2
- SARS-CoV-2 is a coronavirus that causes COVID-19
- Infection can cause a range of symptoms from mild to severe
Oral Symptoms of COVID-19
- Loss of taste and smell are common symptoms of COVID-19
- Other oral symptoms include oral ulcers, gingivitis, and tongue inflammation
Hand Foot and Mouth Disease
- Hand foot and mouth disease is caused by Coxsackie viruses
- The disease is characterized by blisters on the hands, feet, and mouth
Measles
- Measles is a highly contagious viral infection
- Measles can cause fever, cough, runny nose, and a rash
Mumps
- Mumps is characterized by swelling of the salivary glands
- Mumps can cause fever, headache, and pain when chewing or swallowing
Rubella (German Measles)
- Rubella is a mild viral infection in children but can cause serious complications in pregnant women
- Rubella can cause congenital rubella syndrome (CRS) which can lead to severe birth defects
Chicken Pox (Varicella)
- Chickenpox is a highly contagious viral infection characterized by itchy blisters
- Chickenpox can be prevented by vaccination
Spores and Prions
- Spores and prions are resistant to many disinfectants and require special methods for inactivation
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Description
Explore the fascinating world of viruses with this quiz on viral taxonomy and characteristics. Learn about the classification methods, life cycle, and the impact of viruses on host cells. Test your knowledge on essential concepts in virology.
