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Questions and Answers
What is a key reason why viruses replicate?
What is a key reason why viruses replicate?
Which step is NOT part of the viral replication cycle?
Which step is NOT part of the viral replication cycle?
What is defined as the specific invasion and replication of a virus in a particular cell type?
What is defined as the specific invasion and replication of a virus in a particular cell type?
What is the role of cellular receptors in viral infections?
What is the role of cellular receptors in viral infections?
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What type of cells does the Epstein-Barr virus primarily target?
What type of cells does the Epstein-Barr virus primarily target?
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Which stage of viral replication involves the virus shedding its protein coat?
Which stage of viral replication involves the virus shedding its protein coat?
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Which type of tropism refers to a virus's ability to infect various host species?
Which type of tropism refers to a virus's ability to infect various host species?
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What is the first step in the viral replication cycle?
What is the first step in the viral replication cycle?
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What process is required for viral penetration into a host cell?
What process is required for viral penetration into a host cell?
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How do enveloped viruses generally enter host cells?
How do enveloped viruses generally enter host cells?
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What triggers the fusion of certain enveloped viruses with endosomes?
What triggers the fusion of certain enveloped viruses with endosomes?
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What does uncoating refer to in the viral life cycle?
What does uncoating refer to in the viral life cycle?
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Which type of viral genome is associated with Retroviruses?
Which type of viral genome is associated with Retroviruses?
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What is synthesized during the genome replication of a virus?
What is synthesized during the genome replication of a virus?
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Non-enveloped viruses can enter host cells by which method?
Non-enveloped viruses can enter host cells by which method?
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What happens after the viral genome is uncoated within the host cell?
What happens after the viral genome is uncoated within the host cell?
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What is the main role of the capsid in a virus?
What is the main role of the capsid in a virus?
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What typically happens during the maturation stage of a virus?
What typically happens during the maturation stage of a virus?
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How do newly formed viruses usually release from non-enveloped viruses?
How do newly formed viruses usually release from non-enveloped viruses?
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In which life cycle does the virus integrate into the host chromosomal DNA?
In which life cycle does the virus integrate into the host chromosomal DNA?
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What outcome does the lytic cycle have on the infected cell?
What outcome does the lytic cycle have on the infected cell?
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Which type of virus release may or may not result in the death of the host cell?
Which type of virus release may or may not result in the death of the host cell?
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Which structure forms during the assembly of viruses and is crucial for protecting viral nucleic acids?
Which structure forms during the assembly of viruses and is crucial for protecting viral nucleic acids?
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What type of virus typically undergoes a lytic cycle?
What type of virus typically undergoes a lytic cycle?
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Study Notes
Viral Replication
- Viral replication is a complex process; viruses do not replicate by division
- Viruses assemble components into a complete virion
- Essential for viral replication is a host cell, human, animal, or plant
- A single virus particle does not cause disease; widespread infection and replication of numerous virus particles disrupt the host's function
- Understanding viral replication helps to identify targets for antiviral strategies and prevention
Steps in Viral Replication
- Attachment: Specific binding between virus and host cell receptors.
- Penetration: Entry of the virus into the host cell (endocytosis, fusion, translocation)
- Uncoating: Release of the viral genome from the capsid.
- Genome Replication: Viral genetic material is replicated.
- Assembly: Viral structural proteins assemble with the genome to form new virions
- Maturation: The newly formed virions become infectious
- Release: The new virions leave the host cell, by budding or lysis
Viral Tropism
- Viruses do not infect all cells.
- Viruses have evolved to infect specific cells or tissues
- Virus-host cell interactions are specific to each viral species
- Viral tropism is the virus's invasion and replication of a certain cell type
Examples of Viral Target Cells
- HIV: Helper T cells
- Epstein-Barr virus: B cells
- Poliovirus: Epithelial cells
- Rabies virus: Neurons
- Influenza A virus: Erythroid precursors
Virus Life Cycle
- Attachment, penetration, uncoating, gene expression and replication, assembly, maturation, and release are the stages
- Processes vary based on the virus family.
Genome Replication and Viral Protein Production
- Viral genomes replicate inside the host cell.
- Types of genetic material vary among different viruses:
- dsDNA viruses
- ssDNA viruses
- dsRNA viruses
- (+)ssRNA viruses
- (-)ssRNA viruses
- ssRNA-RT viruses
- dsDNA-RT viruses
- Viral structural proteins like the capsid are synthesized.
Assembly of Virus
- New virus particles are assembled
- Hundreds to thousands of viral proteins assemble around viral nucleic acid to create a capsid
- Host factors aid protein-protein interactions within the assembled virus particles that occur in the cytoplasm
- Assembly occurs in the cytoplasm or nucleus.
Maturation
- Virus maturation is where a virus becomes infectious.
- The virion undergoes structural, chemical, and physical changes during maturation
Release of Virus
- Newly formed viruses leave the host cell via lysis (commonly in non-enveloped viruses) or budding (commonly in enveloped viruses)
- Host cell death is usually linked with lysis
Types of Life Cycle
- Lytic cycle: Viruses replicate and kill host cell.
- Lysogenic cycle: The viral genome integrates into the host genome; the virus does not immediately lyse the host cell; the virus becomes prevalent when host conditions are favorable
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Description
This quiz focuses on the intricate process of viral replication, including the essential steps that a virus undergoes to establish infection. Understanding these steps is crucial for developing antiviral strategies. Explore how viruses interact with host cells and the significance of each replication stage.
