2.1 - VIRUSES

<p>Reassortment involves the creation of a hybrid strain with a combination of genetic material from two different viruses, while complementation involves the rescue of a non-functional virus by another virus. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A virus takes on the surface proteins of another virus, allowing it to evade the host's immune system. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Respiratory, Gastrointestinal, Transcutaneous, Sexual (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Transcutaneous (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Chronic infection (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>VSV (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Herpes Simplex Virus (HSV) (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Autophagy (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Cytotoxic T cells (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Apoptosis (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Vertical and Horizontal (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Viremia (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Bacteriophages help to control bacterial populations, preventing them from becoming dominant. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Viruses cannot reproduce independently, relying on host cells for replication. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It refers to the transfer of viruses from one species to another, including humans. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Nervous system (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To protect the viral genetic material from degradation. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Positive-sense RNA viruses can be directly translated into proteins, while negative-sense RNA viruses need to be transcribed into messenger RNA (mRNA) first. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Complete eradication of the virus from the host. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>All of the above. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A reovirus with a naked capsid (A), A picornavirus with a naked capsid (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Adenoviruses infect the respiratory system while reoviruses infect the enteric system. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They can serve as virus-associated pyramids (VAPs) that bind to host cells. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Enveloped viruses are more easily transmitted in fluids than nonenveloped viruses. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To facilitate the attachment and entry of the virus into host cells. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They are typically helical in shape. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They cause the clumping of erythrocytes (red blood cells). (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Viruses with a helical nucleocapsid are always enveloped. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A capsid is the protein shell surrounding the viral genome, while a nucleocapsid includes both the capsid and the genome. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They trigger the host's immune response by inducing the production of antibodies. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Attachment proteins bind to specific receptors on the host cell surface, facilitating the initial step of viral entry. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Membrane fusion and endocytosis (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To release the viral genome from the capsid, making it accessible for replication. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>DNA viruses replicate in the nucleus while most RNA viruses replicate in the cytoplasm. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>RNA-dependent RNA polymerase catalyzes the synthesis of RNA from an RNA template, allowing for the replication of viral RNA. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Positive-sense RNA viruses can immediately begin transcription, while negative-sense viruses require an intermediate step to produce mRNA. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They can directly act as mRNA for protein synthesis, allowing for immediate replication. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It determines the specific cell types that a virus can infect. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Immediate-early genes encode proteins that regulate host cell transcription and facilitate viral replication, while early genes encode proteins involved in viral DNA replication. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To synthesize viral proteins needed for the assembly of new viral particles. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Over 1.7 million undiscovered viruses exist in mammals and birds.

When viruses transfer from animals to humans, potentially causing outbreaks.

Most viruses support ecosystems and aren't harmful to humans.

Viruses that specifically infect bacteria, regulating bacterial populations.

The process virus goes through to replicate and spread, including six key stages.

Viruses can have RNA or DNA as their genetic material and differ in replication.

Body's natural defenses, such as skin and immune cells against viruses.

Viruses consist of a capsid and sometimes an envelope, influencing how they infect.

A viral capsid shape with 20 triangular faces and 12 vertices, resembling a soccer ball.

A type of viral capsid that consists of varied subunits with a tightly packed spherical core.

The combination of viral nucleic acid and its protective capsid.

A lipid membrane surrounding some viruses, containing proteins and glycoproteins.

Viruses without a lipid envelope, more stable and resistant to environmental changes.

Viruses that have a lipid envelope, more fragile and sensitive to environmental factors.

Glycoproteins that bind to specific structures on target cells, aiding virus entry.

Protruding viral proteins that help in attachment and elicit immune response.

Proteins on the virus surface that can be linked to carbohydrates, important for immunity.

The complete, infective form of a virus outside a host cell; also known as a viral particle.

A viral RNA that must be transcribed into positive RNA for protein synthesis.

Genetic information exchange between viruses or a virus and its host.

Hybrid strain creation from viruses with segmented genomes.

Process where a mutated virus relies on another virus for functional proteins.

Lytic viruses burst cells, while lysogenic viruses integrate into the host genome without killing the cell immediately.

The process by which a virus binds to a host cell using adhesion receptors.

Viruses without a lipid envelope, relying on capsid regions for attachment.

The mechanism through which a virus enters a host cell, either by membrane fusion or endocytosis.

The process of disassembling the virus's capsid to release the viral genome into the host cell.

The production of viral proteins and genetic material, dependent on the virus type.

Viruses that use DNA as their genetic material, typically replicating in the nucleus.

Viruses that use RNA as their genetic material, often replicating in the cytoplasm.

Viruses with RNA that can act as mRNA for immediate protein synthesis.

Viruses whose RNA does not act as mRNA and requires transcription before translation.

The two basic shapes of virus capsids: icosahedral and helical.

The main pathways viruses use to enter a host: respiratory, gastrointestinal, transcutaneous, and sexual routes.

Viruses that originate from outside the host, leading to most viral diseases.

Viruses that reactivate from within the host cell, like HSV or VZV.

Virus transmission from mother to fetus during pregnancy.

Spread of viruses among individuals in the same population.

Time between exposure to a virus and appearance of symptoms.

Three categories: acute, chronic, and latent infections with differing outcomes for the host.

Antibodies that specifically destroy the infectivity of a virus.