Viral Infections and Hyperthermia Quiz
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Questions and Answers

What is the study of birth defects called?

  • Pathology
  • Dysmorphology and teratology (correct)
  • Embryology
  • Genetics

What percentage of liveborn infants is affected by major structural anomalies?

  • 1% to 2%
  • 5% to 6%
  • 4% to 5%
  • 2% to 3% (correct)

What proportion of infant deaths is attributed to birth defects?

  • 30%
  • 15%
  • 21% (correct)
  • 10%

Birth defects rank as what leading cause of years of potential life lost before age 65?

<p>Fifth leading cause (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which group typically includes dysmorphologists?

<p>Clinical genetics departments (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What percentage of birth defects have an unknown cause?

<p>40% to 60% (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which factor accounts for approximately 15% of cases of birth defects?

<p>Genetic factors (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the likelihood of an infant with three minor anomalies having a major malformation?

<p>20% (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What percentage of women pregnant at the time of the atomic bomb explosions in Hiroshima and Nagasaki aborted their pregnancies?

<p>28% (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role do minor anomalies serve in the diagnosis of birth defects?

<p>They may indicate the presence of more serious defects. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a significant effect of ionizing radiation on developing embryos?

<p>Virtually any type of birth defect (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about ear anomalies is correct?

<p>Ear anomalies are recognized indicators of other defects. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does radiation affect germ cells?

<p>Leads to genetic alteration (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What proportion of children born to pregnant women exposed to radiation died in their first year of life?

<p>25% (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In what way is radiation classified concerning its effects on human development?

<p>Primarily a teratogen (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which viral infections are associated with malformations following maternal infection?

<p>Coxsackie virus and measles (B), Hepatitis and echovirus (C), HIV and influenza virus (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What characteristic feature is associated with fetal toxoplasmosis infection?

<p>Calcifications (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a potential carrier of Toxoplasmosis gondii?

<p>Unwashed fruits and vegetables (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement regarding malformations from maternal infections is accurate?

<p>The malformation rate after exposure is low, if not nonexistent. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which infection is primarily known for causing birth defects alongside Toxoplasmosis?

<p>Syphilis (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What percentage of women are currently immune to rubella due to vaccination and screening?

<p>85% (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What severe condition can cytomegalovirus infection during pregnancy lead to in the fetus?

<p>Meningoencephalitis (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following viruses is NOT mentioned as a cause of birth defects?

<p>Ebola virus (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What characteristic commonly associates with mothers infected with cytomegalovirus?

<p>No symptoms at all (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which infectious agent is known to have significantly reduced the incidence of birth defects due to advancements in vaccination?

<p>Rubella (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What describes a malformation in fetal development?

<p>Occurring during the formation of structures such as organs. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement about deformation is correct?

<p>It is caused by external mechanical forces on the fetus. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is an example of a disruption?

<p>Bowel atresias from vascular accidents. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

During which gestational weeks are most malformations likely to originate?

<p>Third to eighth weeks. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What primarily influences susceptibility to teratogenesis in a conceptus?

<p>Genetic interaction with the environment (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What defines a syndrome in the context of abnormalities?

<p>A group of anomalies that have a specific common cause and a known recurrence. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What primarily distinguishes disruptions from other abnormalities?

<p>They cause destructive alterations to formed structures. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

During which weeks of gestation is the conceptus most sensitive to teratogen exposure?

<p>Third to eighth week (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does an association differ from a syndrome?

<p>Associations have undetermined causes but occur together more frequently than by chance. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is an example of an association?

<p>VACTERL association (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What factor does NOT impact the manifestations of abnormal development caused by teratogens?

<p>Maternal age at conception (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which mechanism best describes how teratogens initiate abnormal embryogenesis?

<p>Inhibition of specific biochemical processes (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a potential benefit of recognizing an association of anomalies?

<p>It promotes the search for additional abnormalities in the group. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a manifestation of abnormal development caused by teratogens?

<p>Increased cognitive function (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement about syndromes and associations is incorrect?

<p>Syndromes are exclusively based on environmental factors. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What makes it difficult to assess the role of chemical agents in producing abnormalities in humans?

<p>Retrospective studies rely on mother's memory of exposure and the widespread use of drugs. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which drug was noted for its association with an increase in amelia and meromelia in the 1960s?

<p>Thalidomide (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why might the association between certain drugs and defects be overlooked?

<p>The observed abnormalities are too common and not unique. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary characteristic of thalidomide that contributed to establishing its causal relation with abnormalities?

<p>It caused a unique and rare type of abnormality. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a significant limitation of studies identifying teratogenic drugs used during pregnancy?

<p>They frequently rely on retrospective analyses and maternal recollections. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Toxoplasmosis gondii

A protozoan parasite that can cause birth defects in fetuses.

Syphilis

A sexually transmitted infection that can also cause birth defects in fetuses.

Fetal toxoplasmosis infection

Calcifications in the brain of a fetus are a characteristic sign of this infection.

Viral infections during pregnancy

A group of viruses that can potentially cause birth defects in fetuses.

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Toxoplasmosis

A disease that can be spread through contact with contaminated soil or feces.

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Syndrome

A group of birth defects that happen together, with a known cause.

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Association

The non-random occurrence of two or more birth defects together, but the cause is unknown.

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Association

A group of anomalies occur more frequently than expected by chance.

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Syndrome

A syndrome is a diagnosis with identified recurring patterns of anomalies.

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Association

Associations are non-random combinations of anomalies that occur more often than expected but the cause is not yet understood.

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Cytomegalovirus (CMV)

A viral infection that can cause serious birth defects, including mental retardation and even death.

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Rubella (German Measles)

A viral infection that can cause a range of birth defects such as hearing loss, heart defects, and brain damage.

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Herpes Simplex Virus (HSV)

A viral infection that can cause birth defects such as encephalitis and microcephaly.

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Varicella Virus (Chickenpox)

A viral infection that can cause a rare but serious birth defect called Congenital Varicella Syndrome (CVS)

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Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV)

A viral infection that can cause severe birth defects and developmental problems.

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Radiation's effect on development

Ionizing radiation causes damage to rapidly dividing cells, potentially leading to a range of birth defects.

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Radiation as a teratogen

Radiation exposure during pregnancy can lead to a variety of birth defects in the developing fetus.

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Factors influencing radiation-induced birth defects

The severity of birth defects caused by radiation exposure depends on the amount of radiation and the stage of fetal development.

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Radiation's mutagenic effect

Radiation exposure can cause changes in the genetic material of germ cells, potentially leading to inherited genetic defects.

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The Hiroshima and Nagasaki legacy

The tragic atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki demonstrated the teratogenic effects of radiation, with high rates of miscarriage, infant mortality, and birth defects.

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Malformations

These abnormalities occur during the development of structures in the fetus, often within the first few weeks of pregnancy. They are caused by factors like genetics or environmental influences.

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Deformations

These abnormalities result from external forces that press on the fetus during development. They often involve the body's movement and may be fixable after birth.

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Disruptions

These abnormalities happen when existing structures in the fetus are damaged by something like a blood clot or a torn amniotic sac.

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Third to Eighth Weeks of Gestation

This is the time period when most malformations occur during pregnancy. It is a critical period for fetal development.

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Bowel Atresias and Amniotic Band Defects

These are examples of disruptions, where a blood clot or a torn amniotic sac can damage the fetus.

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Teratology

The study of birth defects, focusing on their causes, mechanisms, and clinical presentation.

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Dysmorphologist

A specialist who diagnoses and manages birth defects, often working in a clinical genetics department.

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Birth Defect

A structural, behavioral, functional, or metabolic disorder present at birth. They are a leading cause of infant mortality and disability.

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Teratogen sensitivity and developmental stage

The susceptibility of a developing organism to teratogens varies depending on the stage of development. The most sensitive period for inducing birth defects is during embryogenesis, typically between the third and eighth weeks of gestation.

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Dose and duration of teratogen exposure

The effects of a teratogen depend on the amount and duration of exposure. Higher doses or longer exposure times generally lead to more severe effects.

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Teratogen mechanisms of action

Teratogens exert their effects by interfering with specific cellular processes, ultimately disrupting normal development. These mechanisms include inhibiting biochemical pathways, causing cell death, or altering cell division.

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Manifestations of teratogenic effects

The specific birth defects resulting from teratogen exposure vary depending on the type of agent, the stage of development, and the underlying genetic predisposition.

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Genotype and teratogen susceptibility

The genetic makeup of both the developing organism and the mother influences the susceptibility to teratogens. Maternal factors like drug metabolism and immune responses also play a role.

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Teratogen

A substance that causes birth defects when exposure occurs during pregnancy.

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Unusual Birth Defects and Teratogens

Identifying certain types of birth defects, like uncommon ones, can help pinpoint potential teratogens.

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Pregnant Women and Drugs

Many drugs are used during pregnancy, but only a few have proven to cause birth defects.

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Thalidomide

A drug that was used to treat morning sickness. It caused severe limb abnormalities in babies.

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What are birth defects?

Birth defects are structural abnormalities present at birth that can affect any part of the body, including the brain, heart, spine, and limbs.

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What is the most common cause of birth defects?

In approximately 40% to 60% of cases, the cause of birth defects remains unknown.

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How much do genetics play a role in birth defects?

Genetic factors, like chromosome abnormalities and faulty genes, contribute to approximately 15% of birth defects.

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What are minor anomalies?

Minor anomalies are minor physical differences that occur in about 15% of newborns. They are not harmful on their own, but can sometimes be early signs of a more serious problem.

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How do minor anomalies relate to major birth defects?

The presence of multiple minor anomalies can increase the likelihood of a major birth defect. One minor anomaly has a 3% chance, two anomalies a 10% chance, and three or more a 20% chance.

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Study Notes

Other Viral Infections and Hyperthermia

  • Malformations following maternal infection with measles, mumps, hepatitis, poliomyelitis, echovirus, coxsackie virus, and influenza virus have been described.
  • Prospective studies indicate that the malformation rate after exposure to these agents is low if not nonexistent.
  • Toxoplasmosis and syphilis cause birth defects.
  • Poorly cooked meat, domestic animals, especially cats, and feces in contaminated soil can carry the protozoan parasite Toxoplasma gondii.
  • A characteristic feature of fetal toxoplasmosis infection is calcifications.

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Description

Test your knowledge on the effects of various viral infections during pregnancy and their potential for causing birth defects. Learn about maternal infections, the role of Toxoplasma gondii, and the implications for fetal health. This quiz delves into the key concepts surrounding maternal and fetal infections.

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