Maternal Infections and Birth Defects Quiz

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Questions and Answers

Which viral infection is associated with malformations if a mother is infected during pregnancy?

HIV

Herpes Simplex Virus

Papillomavirus

Coxsackie Virus (correct)

What is the main cause of fetal infection resulting in calcifications?

Toxoplasmosis (correct)

Rubella

Syphilis

Listeria Monocytogenes

What is the overall malformation rate after maternal infections with common viral agents?

Moderate but concerning

Low, if not nonexistent (correct)

High and significant

Variable, depending on the virus

Which of the following is NOT a common source of Toxoplasmosis gondii?

Freshwater fish Signup and view all the answers

Which maternal infection is associated with the lowest malformation rates during pregnancy?

All of these have low malformation rates Signup and view all the answers

What percentage of women are currently immune to rubella?

85% Signup and view all the answers

Which infectious agent is often asymptomatic in mothers but can have devastating effects on the fetus?

Cytomegalovirus Signup and view all the answers

What complication can be caused by meningoencephalitis resulting from cytomegalovirus infection?

Mental retardation Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following viruses is NOT mentioned as causing birth defects?

Ebola virus Signup and view all the answers

What has contributed to the reduction of birth defects caused by rubella?

Detection of serum antibodies Signup and view all the answers

What is the term used for the study of birth defects?

Teratology Signup and view all the answers

What percentage of liveborn infants are affected by major structural anomalies?

2% to 3% Signup and view all the answers

Birth defects account for what percentage of infant deaths?

21% Signup and view all the answers

Which department do dysmorphologists typically belong to?

Clinical Genetics Signup and view all the answers

How significant are birth defects as a contributor to disabilities?

Significant Signup and view all the answers

What primarily differentiates malformations from deformations?

Malformations occur during the structural formation of organs, whereas deformations arise from mechanical forces. Signup and view all the answers

Which statement about disruptions is incorrect?

Disruptions can be caused by genetic factors alone. Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic feature of deformations?

They can often be reversible after birth depending on mechanical factors. Signup and view all the answers

When do most malformations occur in fetal development?

From the third to the eighth weeks of gestation. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is an example of deformation?

Compression in the amniotic cavity causing clubfeet. Signup and view all the answers

What impact does ionizing radiation have on rapidly proliferating cells during pregnancy?

It can kill these cells, resulting in birth defects. Signup and view all the answers

Which percentage of women who were pregnant during the atomic bomb explosions experienced abortions?

28% Signup and view all the answers

What types of birth defects can ionizing radiation produce?

Virtually any type of birth defect depending on exposure. Signup and view all the answers

How does ionizing radiation act as a mutagenic agent?

By causing genetic alterations in germ cells. Signup and view all the answers

What proportion of children born to women survivors of the atomic bomb had severe birth defects involving the central nervous system?

25% Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes a syndrome from an association?

A syndrome has a diagnosed cause and known recurrence, while an association does not have a determined cause. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is an example of an association?

VACTERL association Signup and view all the answers

Why is recognizing associations important in medical diagnosis?

It promotes the search for other abnormalities within the group. Signup and view all the answers

Which statement about anomalies in syndromes is accurate?

Syndromes are diagnosed based on the presence of a common set of anomalies. Signup and view all the answers

In the context of medical classification, how can associations be characterized?

They occur together more frequently than by chance but lack a known cause. Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary factor that influences susceptibility to teratogenesis in a conceptus?

The conceptus' genotype Signup and view all the answers

During which period of gestation is the conceptus most susceptible to teratogens?

Third to eighth weeks of gestation Signup and view all the answers

What are the consequences of exposure to teratogens that depend on the dose and duration of exposure?

Manifestations of abnormal development Signup and view all the answers

Which mechanism of teratogenesis can result in cell death during embryogenesis?

All of the above Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a manifestation of abnormal development due to teratogen exposure?

Neurological enhancement Signup and view all the answers

What percentage of birth defects cases are attributed to unknown causes?

40% to 60% Signup and view all the answers

How much do genetic factors contribute to the occurrence of birth defects?

15% Signup and view all the answers

What is a significant challenge in assessing the role of chemical agents in abnormalities during pregnancy?

The reliance on retrospective studies and maternal memory Signup and view all the answers

Which drug was notably linked to an increase in cases of amelia and meromelia in 1961?

Thalidomide Signup and view all the answers

What is the chance of an infant having a major malformation if they exhibit three or more minor anomalies?

20% Signup and view all the answers

Why might a common defect like cleft lip or heart malformation be overlooked in relation to drug exposure?

They occur too frequently to connect them to drug use Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following percentage ranges represents the contribution of environmental factors to birth defects?

10% Signup and view all the answers

What percentage of cases are attributed to twinning as a factor for birth defects?

0.5% to 1% Signup and view all the answers

What is a primary reason only a few drugs used in pregnancy have been identified as teratogenic?

The high number of drugs consumed complicating data interpretation Signup and view all the answers

What type of abnormality did thalidomide cause, which led to its investigation?

Absence of limbs Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Infective Agents

Infectious agents cause birth defects, including various viruses.
Rubella was a significant cause of birth defects but is less of a concern now due to vaccination.
Approximately 85% of women have immunity to rubella.
Cytomegalovirus (CMV) is a severe threat, often asymptomatic in the mother but can cause devastating effects on the fetus.
CMV infection is often fatal; if not, it results in mental retardation.
Herpes simplex virus, varicella virus, and HIV can also cause birth defects.

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Description

Test your knowledge on the impact of maternal infections during pregnancy on fetal development. This quiz covers various viral infections, their effects, and preventive measures related to birth defects. Determine your understanding of these critical topics in maternal and fetal health.