Maternal Infections and Birth Defects Quiz
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Questions and Answers

Which viral infection is associated with malformations if a mother is infected during pregnancy?

  • HIV
  • Herpes Simplex Virus
  • Papillomavirus
  • Coxsackie Virus (correct)

What is the main cause of fetal infection resulting in calcifications?

  • Toxoplasmosis (correct)
  • Rubella
  • Syphilis
  • Listeria Monocytogenes

What is the overall malformation rate after maternal infections with common viral agents?

  • Moderate but concerning
  • Low, if not nonexistent (correct)
  • High and significant
  • Variable, depending on the virus

Which of the following is NOT a common source of Toxoplasmosis gondii?

<p>Freshwater fish (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which maternal infection is associated with the lowest malformation rates during pregnancy?

<p>All of these have low malformation rates (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What percentage of women are currently immune to rubella?

<p>85% (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which infectious agent is often asymptomatic in mothers but can have devastating effects on the fetus?

<p>Cytomegalovirus (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What complication can be caused by meningoencephalitis resulting from cytomegalovirus infection?

<p>Mental retardation (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following viruses is NOT mentioned as causing birth defects?

<p>Ebola virus (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What has contributed to the reduction of birth defects caused by rubella?

<p>Detection of serum antibodies (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the term used for the study of birth defects?

<p>Teratology (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What percentage of liveborn infants are affected by major structural anomalies?

<p>2% to 3% (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Birth defects account for what percentage of infant deaths?

<p>21% (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which department do dysmorphologists typically belong to?

<p>Clinical Genetics (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How significant are birth defects as a contributor to disabilities?

<p>Significant (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What primarily differentiates malformations from deformations?

<p>Malformations occur during the structural formation of organs, whereas deformations arise from mechanical forces. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement about disruptions is incorrect?

<p>Disruptions can be caused by genetic factors alone. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic feature of deformations?

<p>They can often be reversible after birth depending on mechanical factors. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

When do most malformations occur in fetal development?

<p>From the third to the eighth weeks of gestation. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is an example of deformation?

<p>Compression in the amniotic cavity causing clubfeet. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What impact does ionizing radiation have on rapidly proliferating cells during pregnancy?

<p>It can kill these cells, resulting in birth defects. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which percentage of women who were pregnant during the atomic bomb explosions experienced abortions?

<p>28% (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What types of birth defects can ionizing radiation produce?

<p>Virtually any type of birth defect depending on exposure. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does ionizing radiation act as a mutagenic agent?

<p>By causing genetic alterations in germ cells. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What proportion of children born to women survivors of the atomic bomb had severe birth defects involving the central nervous system?

<p>25% (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes a syndrome from an association?

<p>A syndrome has a diagnosed cause and known recurrence, while an association does not have a determined cause. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is an example of an association?

<p>VACTERL association (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why is recognizing associations important in medical diagnosis?

<p>It promotes the search for other abnormalities within the group. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement about anomalies in syndromes is accurate?

<p>Syndromes are diagnosed based on the presence of a common set of anomalies. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the context of medical classification, how can associations be characterized?

<p>They occur together more frequently than by chance but lack a known cause. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary factor that influences susceptibility to teratogenesis in a conceptus?

<p>The conceptus' genotype (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

During which period of gestation is the conceptus most susceptible to teratogens?

<p>Third to eighth weeks of gestation (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the consequences of exposure to teratogens that depend on the dose and duration of exposure?

<p>Manifestations of abnormal development (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which mechanism of teratogenesis can result in cell death during embryogenesis?

<p>All of the above (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a manifestation of abnormal development due to teratogen exposure?

<p>Neurological enhancement (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What percentage of birth defects cases are attributed to unknown causes?

<p>40% to 60% (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How much do genetic factors contribute to the occurrence of birth defects?

<p>15% (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a significant challenge in assessing the role of chemical agents in abnormalities during pregnancy?

<p>The reliance on retrospective studies and maternal memory (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which drug was notably linked to an increase in cases of amelia and meromelia in 1961?

<p>Thalidomide (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the chance of an infant having a major malformation if they exhibit three or more minor anomalies?

<p>20% (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why might a common defect like cleft lip or heart malformation be overlooked in relation to drug exposure?

<p>They occur too frequently to connect them to drug use (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following percentage ranges represents the contribution of environmental factors to birth defects?

<p>10% (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What percentage of cases are attributed to twinning as a factor for birth defects?

<p>0.5% to 1% (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a primary reason only a few drugs used in pregnancy have been identified as teratogenic?

<p>The high number of drugs consumed complicating data interpretation (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of abnormality did thalidomide cause, which led to its investigation?

<p>Absence of limbs (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Syndrome

A group of birth defects that occur together due to a known shared cause.

Association

When two or more birth defects appear together more often than expected by chance alone, but the reason is unknown. An example is the VACTERL association.

Syndrome vs. Association

A syndrome is a group of anomalies that occur together due to a specific common cause.

Importance of Associations

Associations are important because they help doctors recognize specific patterns in birth defects and promote the search for other possible abnormalities.

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VACTERL Association

VACTERL association is an example of an association that includes vertebral defects, anal atresia, cardiac defects, tracheoesophageal fistula, renal abnormalities, and limb deficiencies.

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Fetal Malformations due to Maternal Viral Infections

A group of medical conditions that can occur when a fetus is exposed to certain viruses during pregnancy. These conditions can range from mild to severe and include physical deformities and developmental delays. Examples of viruses that can cause malformations include measles, mumps, hepatitis, and influenza.

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Toxoplasmosis

A parasitic infection that can be harmful to a fetus. It can cause various birth defects, including brain damage, blindness, and seizures. It is often spread through contaminated food and soil.

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Syphilis

A bacterial infection that can be passed from a pregnant mother to her fetus. It can cause severe complications such as miscarriage, stillbirth, and birth defects. It is usually treated with antibiotics.

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Calcifications

A characteristic feature of fetal toxoplasmosis infection, seen as white spots on imaging scans.

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Viral Infections that Can Cause Fetal Malformations

A type of infection that can be caused by various viruses, including measles, mumps, hepatitis, polio, echovirus, coxsackie virus, and influenza. These infections can sometimes lead to birth defects.

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Cytomegalovirus

A virus that can cause birth defects, particularly impacting the brain and causing mental retardation.

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Rubella

A virus that can be prevented through vaccination and antibody testing, significantly reducing the incidence of birth defects.

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Herpes Simplex Virus

A virus that can cause birth defects, including brain damage and mental retardation.

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Varicella Virus

A virus that can cause birth defects, resulting in various health problems.

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Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV)

A virus that can cause birth defects, including severe immune system issues.

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Birth defect

Structural, behavioral, functional, and metabolic disorders present at birth.

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Teratology

The study of birth defects.

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Dysmorphologist

A specialist in the diagnosis and understanding of birth defects.

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Birth defects

The leading cause of infant mortality. They account for 21% of infant deaths.

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Birth defects

Birth defects are the fifth leading cause of years of potential life lost before age 65.

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Radiation as a Teratogen

Radiation can harm developing embryos, leading to a wide range of birth defects. The severity of these defects depends on the amount of radiation and the stage of development at the time of exposure.

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Radiation as a Mutagenic Agent

Radiation can damage the genetic material of germ cells (sperm and egg), leading to mutations and subsequent birth defects in the offspring.

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Teratogen

A teratogen is an agent that can cause birth defects in a developing embryo.

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Mutagenic Agent

A mutagenic agent is something that can cause changes in the genetic material of an organism.

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Hiroshima and Nagasaki Birth Defects

The atomic bomb explosions in Hiroshima and Nagasaki resulted in a high percentage of birth defects and deaths among children of women pregnant at the time.

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Malformations

Occur during the formation of structures, such as during organogenesis. Caused by environmental or genetic factors.

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Deformations

Result from mechanical forces that mold a part of the fetus over a prolonged period. Often involve the musculoskeletal system.

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Disruptions

Result in the morphological alteration of already formed structures. Caused by destructive processes.

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Clubfeet

A common type of deformation affecting the feet.

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Bowel atresias

A common type of disruption affecting the intestines.

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Unknown Cause of Birth Defects

The cause of birth defects is unknown in a significant number of cases, ranging from 40% to 60%.

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Genetic Factors in Birth Defects

Genetic factors like chromosome abnormalities and gene mutations play a role in approximately 15% of birth defects.

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Environmental Factors in Birth Defects

Environmental influences on a developing baby contribute to about 10% of birth defects.

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Combined Causes of Birth Defects

A combination of genetic and environmental factors is responsible for 20% to 25% of birth defects.

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Minor Anomalies in Newborns

Minor anomalies, such as small ears or pigmented spots, occur in about 15% of newborns. These anomalies are not harmful in themselves, but can indicate underlying major defects.

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Retrospective Studies

The study of birth defects that examines the medical history of mothers and their children.

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Identifying Teratogens

The challenge of identifying a specific drug as a teratogen is difficult because pregnant women take many drugs, and some birth defects are common.

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Thalidomide & Limb Defects

Thalidomide, a drug used to treat nausea and sleep problems, was found to cause limb defects (amelia and meromelia).

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Susceptibility to teratogenesis

The likelihood of an agent causing birth defects depends on the genetic makeup of the developing baby and its interactions with the environment. The mother's genes also play a role in how her body metabolizes substances and fights infections, which can affect the baby.

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Susceptibility to teratogens

The sensitivity to teratogens varies throughout pregnancy. The most vulnerable period is the third to eighth week of gestation, during embryogenesis.

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Manifestations of abnormal development

The severity of birth defects depends on the amount of exposure to a teratogen and how long the exposure lasts.

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Specific mechanisms of action

Teratogens can cause problems by interfering with specific processes within developing cells and tissues during embryogenesis.

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Manifestations of abnormal development

When an agent causes birth defects it can result in death, malformations, growth problems, or functional disorders.

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Study Notes

Infective Agents

  • Infectious agents cause birth defects, including various viruses.
  • Rubella was a significant cause of birth defects but is less of a concern now due to vaccination.
  • Approximately 85% of women have immunity to rubella.
  • Cytomegalovirus (CMV) is a severe threat, often asymptomatic in the mother but can cause devastating effects on the fetus.
  • CMV infection is often fatal; if not, it results in mental retardation.
  • Herpes simplex virus, varicella virus, and HIV can also cause birth defects.

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Description

Test your knowledge on the impact of maternal infections during pregnancy on fetal development. This quiz covers various viral infections, their effects, and preventive measures related to birth defects. Determine your understanding of these critical topics in maternal and fetal health.

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