Viral Infections and Antiviral Treatments

<p>Daclatasvir (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Valganciclovir (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Pulmonary complications (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Cold sores (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Hepatitis C (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Severe hepatomegaly (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Protein subunit vaccine (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Nausea (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Remdesivir (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Nephrotoxicity (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>BNT162b2 (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Flu-like syndrome (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Palivizumab (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>NRTIs = Inhibit reverse transcriptase NNRTIs = Bind to and inhibit reverse transcriptase PIs = Inhibit HIV protease INSTIs = Inhibit integrase enzyme</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Tenofovir = NRTI Efavirenz = NNRTI Atazanavir = PI Dolutegravir = INSTI</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>HAART = Highly active antiretroviral therapy NRTI = Requires phosphorylation for activity NNRTI = Active against HIV-1 only INSTI = Inhibits integration of viral material</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Lamivudine = NRTI Rilpivirine = NNRTI Darunavir = PI Bictegravir = INSTI</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>NRTIs = Requires phosphorylation NNRTIs = Does not require phosphorylation PIs = Targets polyprotein cleavage INSTIs = Target integration process</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Acyclovir = Genital herpes Doxycycline = Nongonococcal urethritis Ceftriaxone = Pelvic inflammatory disease Levofloxacin = Acute sexually transmitted epididymitis</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Azithromycin = Alternative for nongonococcal urethritis Doxycycline = First-line for pelvic inflammatory disease Ceftriaxone = Treatment for proctitis Valacyclovir = Suppressive therapy for genital herpes</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Genital herpes = Viral shedding and outbreaks Nongonococcal urethritis = Urethral discharge Pelvic inflammatory disease = Chronic pelvic pain Acute epididymitis = Scrotal pain and swelling</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Doxycycline = 10 days for acute epididymitis Cefuoxime = Single dose for proctitis</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Abstinence for 7 days = Nongonococcal urethritis Intravenous acyclovir = Severe genital herpes Scrotal support = Acute epididymitis Treatment of partners = Pelvic inflammatory disease</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Chlamydia trachomatis = Nongonococcal urethritis Treponema pallidum = Proctitis Neisseria gonorrhoeae = Pelvic inflammatory disease Herpes simplex virus = Genital herpes</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Consistent condom use = Genital herpes Counseling for sexual abstinence = Nongonococcal urethritis Follow-up within 72 hours = Pelvic inflammatory disease Evaluation of sexual partners = Acute epididymitis</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Doxycycline = Oral Ceftriaxone = Intramuscular Acyclovir = Intravenous Valacyclovir = Oral</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Genital herpes = Viral testing Nongonococcal urethritis = Polymorphonuclear leukocytes Pelvic inflammatory disease = Clinical findings Acute epididymitis = Scrotal ultrasound</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Prompt treatment initiation = Genital herpes Sexual partner treatment = Nongonococcal urethritis Intravenous antibiotics = Severe pelvic inflammatory disease Abstinence until treatment completion = Acute epididymitis</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Isoniazid and Rifampin = Drug-susceptible tuberculosis Amphotericin B and Flucytosine = Cryptococcal meningitis Acyclovir = Varicella zoster virus infection Azithromycin or Doxycycline = Chlamydial infections</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Fluoroquinolones = Multidrug-resistant TB Oral Azole antifungals = Systemic candidiasis Intravenous Acyclovir = Severe VZV infections in immunocompromised patients Single intramuscular Ceftriaxone = Uncomplicated gonococcal infections</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Intravenous Amphotericin B = Cryptococcal meningitis treatment Oral Fluconazole = Maintenance therapy for cryptococcal meningitis Topical Nystatin = Mucosal candidiasis treatment Oral Acyclovir = Chickenpox and shingles</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Amphotericin B = Nephrotoxicity monitoring Flucytosine = Bone marrow suppression monitoring Acyclovir = Prompt initiation for HSV Oral Fluconazole = Chronic suppressive therapy</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Chlamydial infections = Abnormal vaginal discharge Gonococcal infections = Dysuria and conjunctivitis Cryptococcal meningitis = Life-threatening condition in immunocompromised Herpes simplex virus = Oral and genital lesions</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Valacyclovir = Higher dose for shingles Famciclovir = Alternative oral treatment for VZV Ceftriaxone = Recommended for uncomplicated gonorrhea Fluconazole = Commonly used for vulvovaginal candidiasis</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Varicella zoster virus = Early initiation of antiviral therapy Candidiasis = Topical agents for mucosal treatment Chlamydial infections = Prompt treatment of partners Gonococcal infections = Routine screening of high-risk groups</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Gonococcal infections = Increasing antibiotic resistance MDR TB = Requires second-line agents Candidiasis = Potential for recurrent infections Herpes simplex virus = Episodic or suppressive therapy needed</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Intensive phase = 2 months Continuation phase = 4 months Treatment for MDR TB = 18-24 months Initial cryptococcal treatment = Indefinitely with fluconazole</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Chlamydial infections = Pelvic inflammatory disease Gonococcal infections = Infertility concerns Cryptococcal meningitis = Life-threatening in the immunocompromised Herpes simplex virus = Transmission prevention necessities</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Amikacin = Injectable for MDR TB Flucytosine = Oral medication Nystatin = Topical agent for mucosal candidiasis Valacyclovir = Oral treatment for shingles</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Nephrotoxicity monitoring = Amphotericin B Bone marrow suppression monitoring = Flucytosine Return for recurrent infections = Candidiasis treatment Routine screening = Chlamydial and gonococcal infections</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Acyclovir = Suppresses HSV symptoms Ceftriaxone = Cures uncomplicated gonorrhea Fluconazole = Effective for vulvovaginal candidiasis Amphotericin B = Used for cryptococcal infection</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Protease Inhibitors (PIs) = Prevent cleavage of viral proteins Fusion Inhibitors = Block viral envelope from fusing with host cell Entry Inhibitors = Block CCR5 co-receptor on CD4 cells Integrase Inhibitors = Block viral DNA integration into host genome</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Ritonavir = Boosts other PIs by inhibiting CYP3A4 Enfuvirtide = Administered subcutaneously twice daily Maraviroc = Requires tropism test for CCR5-tropic HIV Cabotegravir = Long-acting injectable option for PrEP</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Protease Inhibitors (PIs) = Gastrointestinal intolerance and hyperlipidemia Fusion Inhibitors = Injection site reactions Entry Inhibitors = Potential for drug interactions Integrase Inhibitors = Generally well tolerated with few side effects</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>PrEP = Daily antiretroviral medication for high-risk individuals nPEP = 28-day treatment after potential HIV exposure Tropism Testing = Confirms CCR5 co-receptor use before maraviroc Combination Therapy = Using multiple antiretrovirals to reduce resistance risk</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Pneumocystis pneumonia = Trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole (TMP/SMZ) Cytomegalovirus retinitis = Ganciclovir or valganciclovir Mycobacterium tuberculosis = Multi-drug regimen for extended duration Fungal infections = May require intravenous pentamidine in severe cases</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>HAART = Highly active antiretroviral therapy CYP450 = Enzyme system metabolizing many drugs CD4 cells = Targeted by HIV to enter the immune system Injection site reactions = Common adverse effect of enfuvirtide</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Enfuvirtide = Reserved for treatment-experienced patients Maraviroc = Indicated for CCR5-tropic HIV-1 strains Cabotegravir = Emerging PrEP option for high-risk populations TMP/SMZ = First-line treatment for Pneumocystis pneumonia</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Syphilis = Caused by Treponema pallidum and progresses through distinct stages Bacterial Vaginosis = Overgrowth of anaerobic bacteria causing malodorous discharge Trichomoniasis = Caused by Trichomonas vaginalis, may cause vaginitis or urethritis Genital Herpes = Chronic infection with painful blisters caused by herpes simplex virus</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Enfuvirtide = Subcutaneous injection Ganciclovir = Intravenous administration Valganciclovir = Oral administration Maraviroc = Oral administration with dose adjustments</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Syphilis = Penicillin G benzathine intramuscular injection Bacterial Vaginosis = Oral metronidazole or clindamycin Trichomoniasis = Metronidazole 500 mg orally twice daily for 7 days Genital Herpes = Acyclovir or valacyclovir for symptom reduction</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Ganciclovir = Cytomegalovirus retinitis TMP/SMZ = Pneumocystis pneumonia Pentamidine = Severe cases of Pneumocystis pneumonia Multi-drug regimen = Mycobacterium tuberculosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Primary Syphilis = Painless chancre sore Secondary Syphilis = Skin rashes and flu-like symptoms Latent Syphilis = No visible symptoms Tertiary Syphilis = Neurological and cardiovascular complications</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Syphilis = Follow-up testing at 6 and 12 months post-treatment Bacterial Vaginosis = Re-testing with culture and sensitivity after persistent cases Trichomoniasis = Test of cure at 3 months after treatment Genital Herpes = Counseling on outbreaks and prevention</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Ganciclovir = Bone marrow suppression TMP/SMZ = Rash and hepatotoxicity Maraviroc = Potential drug interactions Enfuvirtide = Fever and nausea from hypersensitivity</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Induction phase = Initial treatment period to control infection Maintenance therapy = Long-term treatment to prevent relapse Subcutaneous administration = Method for enfuvirtide delivery CCR5 co-receptor = Target of maraviroc's action</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Doxycycline = For penicillin-allergic patients in early stages Penicillin desensitization = Preferred for neurosyphilis or pregnancy Clindamycin = Used for bacterial vaginosis treatment Tinidazole = Alternative for Trichomoniasis treatment</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Metronidazole = Avoid alcohol due to disulfiram-like reaction Penicillin = Potential allergic reactions Doxycycline = Photosensitivity Clindamycin = Possible gastrointestinal upset</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Ritonavir = CYP3A4 enzyme inhibitor Cabotegravir = Long-acting PrEP treatment Enfuvirtide = HIV envelope glycoprotein gp41 Maraviroc = CCR5 co-receptor on CD4 cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Early Syphilis = Single dose of Penicillin G benzathine Late latent syphilis = Three weekly doses of Penicillin G Recurrent Bacterial Vaginosis = Re-testing and potential re-treatment Trichomoniasis = Single 2 g dose of Metronidazole for men</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Truvada = FDA-approved PrEP regimen Descovy = Another FDA-approved PrEP regimen nPEP regimen = Three-drug combination after high-risk exposure TMP/SMZ = Treatment of choice for Pneumocystis pneumonia</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Bacterial Vaginosis = Thin, grayish, malodorous discharge Trichomoniasis = Possible greenish discharge Genital Herpes = Discharge with painful ulcers Syphilis = No discharge, but presents with sores</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Adherence monitoring = Essential for PrEP and nPEP Tropism testing = Required before starting maraviroc Regular follow-up testing = Crucial for effectiveness of antiretrovirals Monitoring adverse effects = Important for safe usage of enfuvirtide</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Syphilis = Intramuscular injection of Penicillin G Bacterial Vaginosis = Oral or vaginal antibiotics Trichomoniasis = Oral administration of Metronidazole or Tinidazole Genital Herpes = Oral antiviral medications such as Acyclovir</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Penicillin-allergic patients = Penicillin desensitization for neurosyphilis Trichomoniasis treatment = Treat sexual partners to prevent reinfection Bacterial Vaginosis = Treat symptomatic cases promptly Genital Herpes = Continuous counseling on outbreak management and prevention</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Metronidazole for BV = 7 days oral therapy Clindamycin for BV = 7 days vaginal cream Tinidazole for Trichomoniasis = 1 g orally for 5 days Acyclovir for Herpes = Episodic or daily suppressive therapy</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Syphilis = Chancre sore and systemic symptoms Bacterial Vaginosis = Malodorous discharge and elevated pH Trichomoniasis = Possible vulvar irritation and discharge Genital Herpes = Painful blisters and systemic symptoms during first infection</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Metronidazole = Alcohol interaction caution Penicillin = Desensitization for allergic individuals Clindamycin = May weaken latex barrier Tinidazole = Alternative for Trichomoniasis or BV treatment</p> Signup and view all the answers

Prototype drug for HSV and VZV infections; inhibits viral replication.

Prodrug of acyclovir, used orally for herpes infections (cold sores, shingles, genital herpes).

Antiviral for cytomegalovirus(CMV) infections, can cause blood problems.

Liver infection transmitted through blood; several drugs treat it.

Drug for HCV genotype 1 or 4; treats chronic hepatitis C.

Liver infection primarily transmitted through blood/semen; treated with peginterferon or nucleoside analogs.

Nucleoside analog used in combination with interferon alfa to treat Hepatitis C.

Sofosbuvir, Daclatasvir, or Simeprevir and Ribavirin are some of the drugs indicated.

Flu-like symptoms (fever, fatigue, muscle aches, headache, chills)

Rare but serious complications including lactic acidosis, pancreatitis, and severe liver enlargement

Nephrotoxicity (kidney damage) risk

Less common effects like dizziness, headache, fatigue, nausea

Inactivated (IIV), Recombinant (RIV), Live-attenuated (LAIV)

Treatment and prevention of influenza

BNT162b2 (Pfizer-BioNTech) and mRNA-1273 (Moderna)

Paxlovid (nirmatrelvir/ritonavir), remdesivir, molnupiravir

Nucleoside/Nucleotide Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors (NRTIs) are a class of antiretroviral drugs that block the HIV enzyme reverse transcriptase, preventing viral replication. Examples include tenofovir, abacavir, lamivudine.

Non-Nucleoside Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors (NNRTIs) bind to the reverse transcriptase enzyme of HIV-1 and cause conformational changes that inhibit its activity. This prevents the conversion of viral RNA to DNA, blocking viral replication.

Protease inhibitors (PIs) block the HIV protease enzyme, which is essential for the virus to mature and become infectious. This prevents the virus from forming properly and spreading.

Integrase Strand Transfer Inhibitors (INSTIs) block the HIV integrase enzyme, preventing the virus's genetic material from integrating into the host cell's DNA. This stops the virus from establishing a permanent infection.

Combination antiretroviral therapy (cART) involves using drugs from multiple classes (e.g., NRTIs, NNRTIs, PIs, INSTIs) to effectively suppress HIV replication. This approach is crucial for long-term HIV management.

While highly effective against HIV-1, NNRTIs are not active against HIV-2. This means they won't work for all types of HIV infections.

Common side effects of NNRTIs include rash, hepatotoxicity (liver damage), and central nervous system effects like dizziness and vivid dreams.

Protease inhibitors (PIs) are highly important antiretroviral drugs that block the HIV protease enzyme, which is crucial for the virus's maturation and ability to infect new cells.

Antiretroviral drugs that block HIV protease, preventing the virus from maturing and becoming infectious.

Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy, a combination of different antiretroviral drug classes to treat HIV effectively.

Using low-dose ritonavir to inhibit CYP3A4 and increase the levels of other protease inhibitors in the body.

An HIV fusion inhibitor that prevents the virus from entering CD4 cells by blocking its fusion with the cell membrane.

An entry/fusion inhibitor that blocks HIV from entering CD4 cells by binding to the CCR5 co-receptor.

Taking antiretroviral medications daily to prevent HIV infection in individuals at high risk of exposure.

Taking a course of antiretroviral therapy after a potential HIV exposure to reduce the risk of infection.

An opportunistic fungal infection common in people with weakened immune systems, particularly those with HIV/AIDS.

The primary treatment for Pneumocystis pneumonia, a combination antibiotic.

A serious eye infection caused by CMV, which can lead to blindness in immunocompromised individuals.

An alternative treatment for CMV retinitis, used when ganciclovir is ineffective or not tolerated.

A third-line treatment for CMV retinitis, used when other treatments fail.

Infections caused by Mycobacterium bacteria, such as tuberculosis (TB).

The primary treatment for cryptococcal meningitis is a combination of amphotericin B given intravenously and flucytosine given orally. After the initial infection is controlled, maintenance therapy with oral fluconazole is recommended indefinitely.

Acyclovir is the main antiviral drug used for VZV infections like chickenpox and shingles. Oral acyclovir is effective for chickenpox in children and healthy adults, while higher doses are recommended for shingles in older adults. Immunosuppressed individuals may receive intravenous acyclovir.

Antiviral drugs like acyclovir, valacyclovir, and famciclovir are used for HSV infections like oral and genital herpes. They can't cure HSV, but reduce symptoms and viral shedding. Treatment options include initial therapy for 7-10 days, episodic therapy, and daily suppressive therapy.

Topical antifungal agents like nystatin, clotrimazole, and miconazole treat mucosal candidiasis. Oral azoles like fluconazole are used for systemic infections. Treatment duration depends on site and severity. Suppressive therapy is needed for recurrent cases in immunocompromised individuals.

Chlamydial infections are treated with antibiotics like azithromycin or doxycycline. Early detection and treatment prevent complications like pelvic inflammatory disease and infertility.

The recommended treatment for uncomplicated gonococcal infections is a single intramuscular dose of ceftriaxone. Due to antibiotic resistance, dual therapy with ceftriaxone and azithromycin is no longer preferred.

Combining amphotericin B with flucytosine in treating cryptococcal meningitis dramatically decreases treatment failure and relapse rates compared to using amphotericin B alone.

Oral acyclovir is effective for chickenpox in healthy adults, while higher doses are recommended for shingles in older adults.

Antiviral drugs for herpes simplex virus cannot cure the infection, but they can effectively manage symptoms, decrease viral shedding and prevent outbreaks.

The duration of candidiasis treatment varies depending on the site and severity of the infection. Chronic suppressive therapy with fluconazole may be needed for recurrent cases, particularly in immunocompromised individuals.

Chlamydial infections often cause no symptoms but can lead to serious complications like pelvic inflammatory disease and infertility if left untreated.

Ceftriaxone is recommended for uncomplicated gonococcal infections because it's a powerful antibiotic that effectively targets the bacteria, and antibiotic resistance patterns necessitate its use as single therapy.

Amphotericin B, while an effective antifungal drug, can have serious side effects like nephrotoxicity (kidney damage).

Older adults with shingles require higher doses of acyclovir or valacyclovir due to their weakened immune system and potential for severe complications.

Suppressive therapy with fluconazole is used for recurrent mucosal candidiasis in immunocompromised individuals to prevent frequent reoccurrences of the infection.

There's no cure for genital herpes, but antiviral medications like acyclovir, famciclovir, and valacyclovir can help manage the infection. These medications reduce viral shedding, shorten outbreaks, and decrease recurrence frequency.

Nongonococcal urethritis (NGU) is an inflammation of the urethra caused by organisms other than gonorrhea. Common culprits include Chlamydia trachomatis, Ureaplasma urealyticum, Trichomonas vaginalis, and Mycoplasma genitalium.

Doxycycline is the recommended first-line treatment for uncomplicated NGU in adults. Alternatives include azithromycin or levofloxacin. Sexual partners should also be treated to prevent reinfection.

Pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) is an infection of the upper reproductive organs in women, often caused by chlamydia, gonorrhea, and anaerobic bacteria.

PID treatment often involves a combination of antibiotics like ceftriaxone (IM) and doxycycline (oral), sometimes with metronidazole. Severe cases may require intravenous antibiotics.

Acute sexually transmitted epididymitis is inflammation of the epididymis in men, often caused by chlamydia and gonorrhea.

Treatment for acute epididymitis involves antibiotics to cover chlamydia and gonorrhea, like ceftriaxone (IM) and doxycycline (oral). Anal intercourse partners may need levofloxacin.

Sexually acquired proctitis is inflammation of the rectum, frequently caused by Neisseria gonorrhoeae, Chlamydia trachomatis, Treponema pallidum (syphilis), and herpes simplex virus.

Treatment for proctitis usually involves a combination of antibiotics like ceftriaxone and doxycycline to cover potential pathogens. Herpes simplex virus treatment might be necessary if ulcers are present.

Prompt treatment initiation is crucial for achieving the best results and preventing complications for most STIs.

A sexually transmitted infection caused by Treponema pallidum, progressing through stages if untreated: primary (chancre sore), secondary (rash, flu-like symptoms), latent (no symptoms), tertiary (neurological, cardiovascular complications).

Penicillin G is the preferred treatment, dosage varies by stage. Alternatives exist for penicillin allergies, but desensitization is preferred for neurosyphilis or pregnancy. Prompt treatment of both infected individuals and partners is crucial.

A common vaginal infection caused by an overgrowth of anaerobic bacteria, leading to a thin, grayish, malodorous discharge. Not a true sexually transmitted infection, though associated with sexual activity.

Oral or vaginal metronidazole, clindamycin, or tinidazole are the main options. Antibiotics restore normal vaginal flora. Prompt treatment of both infected individuals and partners is recommended.

A sexually transmitted infection caused by the protozoan Trichomonas vaginalis that infects the urogenital tract. Often asymptomatic, leading to widespread transmission.

Metronidazole is the primary treatment, dosage varies for men and women. Tinidazole is an alternative. Sexual partners require treatment, and alcohol must be avoided during and for 3 days after treatment.

A chronic, lifelong viral infection, primarily by HSV-2, causing painful blisters or ulcers. Not curable, but antiviral medications reduce symptoms and outbreaks.

Acyclovir, famciclovir, and valacyclovir can reduce symptoms and outbreaks. Taken episodically or daily. Counseling on prevention through abstinence during outbreaks and consistent condom use is vital.

After treatment, follow-up testing is crucial to ensure cure and prevent reinfection. This is recommended for syphilis at 6 and 12 months, for trichomoniasis at 3 months, and for persistent or recurrent bacterial vaginosis after treatment.

Prompt treatment is crucial for all these infections to prevent complications, such as pelvic inflammatory disease (PID), infertility, and potential neurological or cardiovascular complications.

Regular screening for sexually transmitted infections can facilitate early detection and treatment, leading to better outcomes.

For patients with penicillin allergies, desensitization is a process to build tolerance slowly, making it possible for them to receive penicillin, especially for neurosyphilis or pregnancy.

Characteristic cells found in BV, where bacteria adhere to the epithelial cells, creating a fuzzy appearance.

This reaction occurs when alcohol is consumed after metronidazole or tinidazole treatment for trichomoniasis, causing flushing, nausea, headache, and other unpleasant symptoms.