The Evolution of HIV/AIDS Diagnosis and Treatment

<p>Viral replication</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Target the virus more than the host cell</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Inhibition of viral replication</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>1991</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The number of HIV/AIDS diagnoses declined</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>HIV protease is smaller than a cellular protease</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Saquinavir</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Ganciclovir</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Inhibition of viral DNA polymerase</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Valacyclovir</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Downregulation of viral thymidine kinase</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Remdesivir</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The first weeks when the virus is active</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To treat chronic viral infections</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Vaccines provide long-term immunity</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Ebola</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>REGN-EB3</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Polyprotein</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Inhibits viral polymerase</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Currently, there are 118 antiviral therapies, with 85 being monotherapies and 33 being combinations. More than 50% of these therapies are for HIV.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The challenges in developing antiviral therapies include shutting down the viral machinery without harming the host cell, dealing with toxicities that are unacceptable (compared to chemotherapy), handling medically-important viruses that cannot be safely propagated or lack a good animal model, addressing mutations that lead to resistance, and preventing the return of viral replication once treatment is stopped.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Antiviral therapies are important because they can sufficiently suppress or treat a virus, allowing for its clearance or reduction until the immune system can take over. They play a crucial role in managing viral infections and preventing the spread of diseases.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Acyclovir gets incorporated into viral DNA and blocks DNA polymerase, causing chain termination.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Acyclovir is indicated for HSV and VZV infections, and also has in vitro activity against EBV. It is not useful in acute infectious mononucleosis.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>CMV can resist the effects of ganciclovir by mutating its phosphotransferase kinase (PK) or DNA polymerase.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Foscarnet is an inorganic pyrophosphate analogue that reversibly blocks the pyrophosphate binding site of viral DNA polymerase and inhibits pyrophosphate cleavage from dNTPs.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The HIV protease is responsible for cleaving the edges of the GAG protein, allowing the virus to snap into a mature virion.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The crystal structure of the HIV protease led to the development of drugs that can inhibit its dimerized form, thus preventing viral maturation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The development of protease inhibitors allowed for the incorporation of combination therapies, leading to a decline in AIDS deaths.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Françoise Barré-Sinoussi and Luc A. Montagnier, two French virologists, were awarded the Nobel Prize for the discovery of HIV.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Remdesivir outcompetes natural nucleotides and gets incorporated into the viral RNA strand, leading to delayed chain-termination and ultimately inhibiting viral replication.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The SARS-CoV2 virus produces a large polyprotein through primary translation, which is partly cleaved by the 3CL-protease to produce additional smaller proteins.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Studying antiviral drugs is important to develop effective treatments against viral infections, prevent the spread of viral diseases, and improve patient outcomes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Viruses with proofreading capabilities, such as SARS-CoV2, are typically resistant to nucleotide analogues, making it more challenging to develop effective antiviral therapies.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Viral factors, human factors, and disease factors</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The mechanism of action is not fully understood</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Viral attachment (enfuvirtide, palivizumab), cell entry (amantadine), uncoating, transcription (nucleotide analogues), translation, viral assembly, viral release (oseltamivir), integration</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Not all viruses have vaccines, chronic viral infections, not everyone is able to mount a response to vaccines, not everyone is able to get a vaccine, breakthrough infections, accessibility</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Viral attachment, Cell entry, Uncoating, Transcription, Translation, Viral assembly, Viral release</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Age &gt;30, Immunocompromised, GCS 8 or less, Delays in receiving acyclovir (&gt;2d)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Acyclovir is tri-phosphorylated intracellularly to the active compound ACV-TP. It is initially phosphorylated by viral thymidine kinase and then by cellular kinases. ACV-TP inhibits viral DNA polymerase and results in chain termination.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Acyclovir has activity only in cells that are infected with the virus and not in uninfected cells.</p> Signup and view all the answers