Antiviral Drugs and Viral Infections Overview

A virus's preference for infecting specific cell types, tissues, or organs.

The initial stage of viral infection, involving the virus binding to and entering the host cell.

The process where the virus releases its genetic material (DNA or RNA) into the host cell after entering.

An enzyme that copies DNA using a DNA template.

An enzyme that copies RNA using an RNA template.

An enzyme that copies RNA to make DNA.

Enzyme that integrates viral genetic material into the host cell's DNA.

Enzyme that cuts viral proteins into functional units.

Enzyme that helps release viruses from the host cell.

The specific structures, enzymes, or processes involved in viral replication that the antiviral drug can target to block or inhibit viral replication while minimizing harm to the body.

Proteins produced by a virus are assembled, packaged, and released to infect other cells.

Drugs that block the viral enzyme neuraminidase, preventing new viruses from leaving the infected cell.

Part of HIV virus that binds to the target cell, like CD4 cells.

Part of HIV virus, facilitating fusion with the cell membrane.

Viral enzyme integrating viral DNA into host cell DNA.

Cut viral proteins into smaller functional parts (during assembly).

Drugs to treat viruses, such as HIV.

Anti-HIV drugs that need activation by cellular enzymes.

Anti-HIV drugs that don't need activation.

An early and effective anti-HIV drug.

The process by which a virus infects a host cell and uses the cell's machinery to produce new viral particles.

The initial step in viral replication where a virus binds to specific receptors on the host cell's surface.

The process by which a virus enters the host cell after attachment.

The release of viral nucleic acid from the protein coat (capsid), allowing the viral genetic material to access the host cell's machinery.

The production of new viral genetic material (DNA or RNA).

The incorporation of viral genetic material into the host cell's genome.

The production of viral proteins, which are essential for the assembly and structure of new viruses.

The formation of new viral particles using the synthesized viral proteins and genetic material.

The release of newly assembled viruses from the host cell, potentially leading to cell death or damage

Drugs that prevent viral attachment to host cells.

Drugs that prevent virus entry into host cells

Drugs that prevent the release of viral genetic material from the protein coat.

Drugs that interfere with the process of making new viral genetic material.

Drugs that prevent viral genetic material from combining with the host cell's genetic material.

Drugs that interfere with the construction of viral proteins.

Drugs that hamper the process of assembling new viruses from their components.

Drugs that prevent the release of new viruses from the infected cell.

Acyclovir needs activation by an enzyme (thymidine kinase) inside infected cells to become effective.

Acyclovir is converted to its active form through a series of enzymatic steps inside infected cells.

Influenza viruses have proteins like neuraminidase and haemagglutin, crucial for various stages of infection, including uncoating and attachment.

Drugs like oseltamivir and zanamivir block the neuraminidase enzyme, preventing new viruses from releasing from the host cell.

These drugs are used to inhibit uncoating and assembly of influenza A virus, limiting viral replication, but less effective against influenza B

Common symptoms of influenza include fever, runny nose, headache, cough, sneezing, and body weakness.

Drugs that target M2 channels in influenza type A viruses, preventing virus uncoating and replication.

Spread by droplets released during coughing, sneezing, or talking.

Pneumonia, Respiratory distress syndrome, Meningitis, Encephalitis, Seizures.

Influenza A (affects elderly), B (affects children), C, and D (also infecting animals).

Cytokines released by infected cells to stop viral replication.

Interferons block viral penetration, assembly, release and inhibit viral mRNA translation.

Patients with weakened immune systems are more susceptible to severe influenza symptoms.

Chemically modified interferons, more effective than conventional types.

Proteins activating immune cells to fight viruses; important for hepatitis treatment.

Viral liver infection, often chronic; can lead to cirrhosis and liver cancer.

Long-term liver infection, often with fibrosis (scarring).

Interferons' mechanism blocking viral actions (penetration, protein creation, release).

Interferons activating essential cells (NK, B, macrophages) targeting viruses & infected cells.

Programmed cell death, crucial for getting rid of infected cells.

Some interferons reducing inflammation (important for chronic conditions).

Types of hepatitis viruses causing the most concern because they often transform into chronic form.

Process of preventing viruses from entering cells through interferons.

Interferons preventing the creation of viral genetic material

Interferons preventing the creation of viral proteins

Interferons preventing the creation of viral complete pieces

Interferons preventing viruses from leaving infected cells.