Podcast
Questions and Answers
Which antiviral is commonly used in India for the treatment of COVID-19?
What type of virus is the Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV)?
What is the primary action of Ribavirin as an antiviral drug?
Which of the following viruses does Favipiravir NOT target?
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What characterization applies to RSV vaccines?
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What is one method by which antiviral drugs can inhibit viral attachment to host cells?
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Which process is specifically aimed at disrupting the replication of viral proteins?
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What role does glycosylation play in the lifecycle of a virus?
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Which of the following best describes a general mechanism used by antivirals to hinder viral release?
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What is one primary mechanism by which antivirals work?
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Which of these antiviral strategies targets the translation process of viral RNA?
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In the context of antiviral development, what is the importance of targeting viral regulatory proteins?
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Which of the following is a function of protease inhibitors?
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What is a significant consideration in vaccine development strategies for influenza viruses?
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How can some antivirals cause errors in viral genome copying?
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What is NOT a target for antiviral agents?
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Which of the following mechanisms represents an attempt to interfere with the transcription process in viral replication?
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Vaccine development strategies aim to enhance which of the following?
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What is a key target for protease inhibitors in the treatment of viral infections?
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How does interference with phosphorylation impact viral therapies?
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Which of the following statements about antiviral drug mechanisms is correct?
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What role do some antivirals play in preventing the entry of viruses into cells?
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Which mechanism do antivirals utilize to stop the copying of the viral genome?
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Which process represents the correct sequence in the typical infectious cycle of influenza?
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How does RNA viruses utilize the central dogma differently compared to DNA viruses?
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What is one of the primary targets for COVID-19 antivirals?
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Which of the following best describes a common mechanism of antiviral drugs?
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In vaccine development strategies, what is typically prioritized to enhance immune response?
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What distinguishes protease inhibitors from other antiviral strategies?
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Which of the following is NOT a step in the infectious cycle of influenza?
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What role does transcription play in the lifecycle of RNA viruses?
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Which statement is true regarding the use of DNA in the central dogma?
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What type of virus is primarily associated with the typical infectious cycle described?
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Which antiviral medication is specifically indicated for the treatment of RSV?
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What mechanism does Nirmatrelvir primarily inhibit in the treatment of COVID-19?
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Which of the following formulations is available for Baloxavir?
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What is the delivery method for Peramivir?
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Which antiviral is known for inhibiting RNA synthesis?
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Which drug is not primarily used for the treatment of Influenza A and B?
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What is the delivery route for the RSV prophylactic agent Palivizumab?
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Which antiviral medication should be considered for the treatment of COVID-19 that targets RNA polymerase?
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Which mechanism of action is associated with Oseltamivir?
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Which drug is indicated for severe cases of influenza and is delivered intravenously?
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Study Notes
Antiviral Drugs for Respiratory Viral Infections
- Antiviral drugs target respiratory viral infections like influenza, RSV, and COVID-19.
- Learning domains for pharmacy students include drug actions and drug substance.
- Learning objectives include the virus life cycle, where antiviral drugs work in the cycle, and antiviral drugs used in treating influenza, RSV, and COVID-19.
- Approximately 90 known virus families exist, growing by 2 each year. About 5,000 viruses have been described in detail, with most (~2,000) discovered in the 20th century.
- Viruses range in size from 5 to 300 nm.
- Common viral infections include the common cold (Rhinoviruses, Parainfluenza virus, Respiratory syncytial virus, Adenovirus), encephalitis and meningitis (JC virus, Measles, LCM virus, Arbovirus), Rabies, pharyngitis (Adenovirus), gingivostomatitis (Herpes simplex type 1), Epstein-Barr virus, Cytomegalovirus, cardiovascular infections (Coxsackie B virus), hepatitis (Hepatitis virus types A, B, C, D, E), skin infections (Varicella zoster virus, Human herpesvirus 6), smallpox, molluscum contagiosum, Human papillomavirus, Parvovirus B19, Rubella, Measles, Coxsackie A virus, sexually transmitted diseases (Herpes simplex type 2, Human papillomavirus, HIV), eye infections (Herpes simplex virus, Adenovirus, Cytomegalovirus), Parotitis (Mumps virus), pneumonia (Influenza virus, Types A and B, Parainfluenza virus, Respiratory syncytial virus, Adenovirus), SARS coronavirus, myelitis (Poliovirus, HTLV-I), gastroenteritis (Adenovirus, Rotavirus, Norovirus, Astrovirus, Coronavirus), and pancreatitis (Coxsackie B virus).
- Influenza, RSV, and SARS-CoV-2 diagrams show viral structure.
- Antiviral mechanisms: target viruses or cell pathways to prevent infection of new cells, block viral genome copying, mimic viral genetic material to cause errors, and stop viral protein activation with protease inhibitors.
- Antiviral agents affect viral attachment to host cells, virus-associated enzymes, transcription, translation, interference with viral regulatory proteins, glycosylation, phosphorylation, and assembly of viral proteins, and release from the cell surface membrane.
- Examples of antiviral drugs and their mechanisms of action are provided for influenza (oseltamivir, zanamivir, peramivir, baloxavir, marboxil), COVID-19 (remdesivir, nirmatrelvir + ritonavir, molnupiravir), and RSV (ribavirin).
- Nucleoside/Nucleotide RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp) inhibitors mimic natural nucleosides/nucleotides to interfere with viral replication. Antivirals for COVID-19 include Remdesivir and Molnupiravir.
- Oseltamivir phosphate (Tamiflu/Influenza) is an antiviral that binds to the HA protein of influenza viruses. Baloxavir marboxil is a selective inhibitor of influenza cap-dependent endonuclease.
Antivirals and their mechanisms of action
- Antiviral actions include inhibiting viral attachment, endocytosis, fusion, uncoating, transcription, replication, assembly, and release.
- Specific examples are provided for influenza viruses (e.g., oseltamivir, zanamivir), COVID-19 (e.g., remdesivir, nirmatrelvir/ritonavir), and others.
SARS-CoV-2 Nucleoside Analogues
- Remdesivir (COVID-19) is a chain terminator, adenosine nucleoside analogue that inhibits replication of RNA viruses.
- Molnupiravir (COVID-19) is a prodrug cytidine nucleoside analogue that inhibits replication of RNA viruses.
Nirmatrelvir (part of Paxlovid) COVID-19
- Covalent protease inhibitor, hinders polyprotein processing.
- Demonstrated efficacy in 2018 for cat coronavirus.
- Ritonavir a protease inhibitor reduces metabolism of other drugs.
Influenza Virus Summary
- The documented viral life cycle (influenza) includes attachment, endocytosis, fusion, uncoating, transcription, RNA replication, protein synthesis, assembly, and release.
- There are a number of FDA approved antivirals like amantadine, rimantadine,MEDI8852, MHAA4549A,VIS-410 CT-P27, CR6261, CR8020,Fludase, Nitazoxanide, oseltamivir,zanamivir,peramivir, laninamivir,pimodivir, S-033188, AL-794, Baloxavir, Marboxil, Favipiravir.
Neuraminidase Inhibitors
- Designed to mimic the natural ligand (sialic acid) to inhibit NA (neuraminidase) activity.
- NA catalytically cleaves glycosidic bonds, facilitating viral exit from the host cell.
Summary
- Summary of different classes of antiviral drugs are provided in the notes.
- Details on the mechanisms of actions of these drugs are provided.
- Resistance levels to different drugs are given.
- Additional information includes data from September 2019.
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Description
This quiz focuses on antiviral drugs used to treat respiratory viral infections, including influenza, RSV, and COVID-19. Pharmacy students will learn about the virus life cycle, the mechanisms of antiviral drugs, and specific medications for treating these infections. Enhance your understanding of the role of antivirals in public health and their effectiveness against various viral families.