Antiviral Drugs for Respiratory Infections

Podcast

Play an AI-generated podcast conversation about this lesson

Questions and Answers

Which antiviral is commonly used in India for the treatment of COVID-19?

Remdesivir

Favipiravir (correct)

Oseltamivir

Ribavirin

What type of virus is the Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV)?

Double-stranded DNA virus

(+) sense, single-stranded RNA virus

(-) sense, single-stranded RNA virus (correct)

Retrovirus

What is the primary action of Ribavirin as an antiviral drug?

Enhance immune response

Block the protease enzyme

Inhibit cell wall synthesis

Inhibit viral RNA synthesis (correct)

Which of the following viruses does Favipiravir NOT target?

Ebola virus Signup and view all the answers

What characterization applies to RSV vaccines?

Vaccines are available for RSV. Signup and view all the answers

What is one method by which antiviral drugs can inhibit viral attachment to host cells?

Targeting virus-associated enzymes Signup and view all the answers

Which process is specifically aimed at disrupting the replication of viral proteins?

Transcription interference Signup and view all the answers

What role does glycosylation play in the lifecycle of a virus?

Promotes assembly of viral proteins Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes a general mechanism used by antivirals to hinder viral release?

Inhibition of cell membrane fusion Signup and view all the answers

What is one primary mechanism by which antivirals work?

They prevent infection of new cells. Signup and view all the answers

Which of these antiviral strategies targets the translation process of viral RNA?

Disruption of translation machinery Signup and view all the answers

In the context of antiviral development, what is the importance of targeting viral regulatory proteins?

To disrupt viral lifecycle and replication Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a function of protease inhibitors?

They interfere with enzymes that produce functional viral proteins. Signup and view all the answers

What is a significant consideration in vaccine development strategies for influenza viruses?

Incorporating safe and effective viral antigens Signup and view all the answers

How can some antivirals cause errors in viral genome copying?

By mimicking the bases of the viral genome. Signup and view all the answers

What is NOT a target for antiviral agents?

Vacuuming cellular debris. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following mechanisms represents an attempt to interfere with the transcription process in viral replication?

Inhibition of viral RNA polymerase Signup and view all the answers

Vaccine development strategies aim to enhance which of the following?

Memory response in the immune system. Signup and view all the answers

What is a key target for protease inhibitors in the treatment of viral infections?

Viral proteases involved in protein processing Signup and view all the answers

How does interference with phosphorylation impact viral therapies?

Inhibits the assembly and activation of viral proteins Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about antiviral drug mechanisms is correct?

They can stop viral protein activation. Signup and view all the answers

What role do some antivirals play in preventing the entry of viruses into cells?

They block viral proteins that facilitate entry. Signup and view all the answers

Which mechanism do antivirals utilize to stop the copying of the viral genome?

They introduce errors in the genetic material replication process. Signup and view all the answers

Which process represents the correct sequence in the typical infectious cycle of influenza?

Attachment, Endocytosis, Fusion & uncoating, Transcription & replication, Release Signup and view all the answers

How does RNA viruses utilize the central dogma differently compared to DNA viruses?

RNA viruses can convert RNA to RNA or RNA to protein. Signup and view all the answers

What is one of the primary targets for COVID-19 antivirals?

Viral protease activity Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes a common mechanism of antiviral drugs?

Preventing virus-specific site attachment Signup and view all the answers

In vaccine development strategies, what is typically prioritized to enhance immune response?

Inclusion of adjuvants Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes protease inhibitors from other antiviral strategies?

They target viral proteases to prevent protein processing. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a step in the infectious cycle of influenza?

Replication of host DNA Signup and view all the answers

What role does transcription play in the lifecycle of RNA viruses?

It synthesizes RNA from RNA templates. Signup and view all the answers

Which statement is true regarding the use of DNA in the central dogma?

DNA to RNA is a critical step for protein synthesis. Signup and view all the answers

What type of virus is primarily associated with the typical infectious cycle described?

RNA viruses Signup and view all the answers

Which antiviral medication is specifically indicated for the treatment of RSV?

Ribavirin Signup and view all the answers

What mechanism does Nirmatrelvir primarily inhibit in the treatment of COVID-19?

Protease Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following formulations is available for Baloxavir?

Oral tablets Signup and view all the answers

What is the delivery method for Peramivir?

Intravenous injection Signup and view all the answers

Which antiviral is known for inhibiting RNA synthesis?

Ribavirin Signup and view all the answers

Which drug is not primarily used for the treatment of Influenza A and B?

Remdesivir Signup and view all the answers

What is the delivery route for the RSV prophylactic agent Palivizumab?

Intramuscular injection Signup and view all the answers

Which antiviral medication should be considered for the treatment of COVID-19 that targets RNA polymerase?

Molnupiravir Signup and view all the answers

Which mechanism of action is associated with Oseltamivir?

Neuraminidase inhibition Signup and view all the answers

Which drug is indicated for severe cases of influenza and is delivered intravenously?

Peramivir Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Antiviral Drugs for Respiratory Viral Infections

Antiviral drugs target respiratory viral infections like influenza, RSV, and COVID-19.
Learning domains for pharmacy students include drug actions and drug substance.
Learning objectives include the virus life cycle, where antiviral drugs work in the cycle, and antiviral drugs used in treating influenza, RSV, and COVID-19.
Approximately 90 known virus families exist, growing by 2 each year. About 5,000 viruses have been described in detail, with most (~2,000) discovered in the 20th century.
Viruses range in size from 5 to 300 nm.
Common viral infections include the common cold (Rhinoviruses, Parainfluenza virus, Respiratory syncytial virus, Adenovirus), encephalitis and meningitis (JC virus, Measles, LCM virus, Arbovirus), Rabies, pharyngitis (Adenovirus), gingivostomatitis (Herpes simplex type 1), Epstein-Barr virus, Cytomegalovirus, cardiovascular infections (Coxsackie B virus), hepatitis (Hepatitis virus types A, B, C, D, E), skin infections (Varicella zoster virus, Human herpesvirus 6), smallpox, molluscum contagiosum, Human papillomavirus, Parvovirus B19, Rubella, Measles, Coxsackie A virus, sexually transmitted diseases (Herpes simplex type 2, Human papillomavirus, HIV), eye infections (Herpes simplex virus, Adenovirus, Cytomegalovirus), Parotitis (Mumps virus), pneumonia (Influenza virus, Types A and B, Parainfluenza virus, Respiratory syncytial virus, Adenovirus), SARS coronavirus, myelitis (Poliovirus, HTLV-I), gastroenteritis (Adenovirus, Rotavirus, Norovirus, Astrovirus, Coronavirus), and pancreatitis (Coxsackie B virus).
Influenza, RSV, and SARS-CoV-2 diagrams show viral structure.
Antiviral mechanisms: target viruses or cell pathways to prevent infection of new cells, block viral genome copying, mimic viral genetic material to cause errors, and stop viral protein activation with protease inhibitors.
Antiviral agents affect viral attachment to host cells, virus-associated enzymes, transcription, translation, interference with viral regulatory proteins, glycosylation, phosphorylation, and assembly of viral proteins, and release from the cell surface membrane.
Examples of antiviral drugs and their mechanisms of action are provided for influenza (oseltamivir, zanamivir, peramivir, baloxavir, marboxil), COVID-19 (remdesivir, nirmatrelvir + ritonavir, molnupiravir), and RSV (ribavirin).
Nucleoside/Nucleotide RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp) inhibitors mimic natural nucleosides/nucleotides to interfere with viral replication. Antivirals for COVID-19 include Remdesivir and Molnupiravir.
Oseltamivir phosphate (Tamiflu/Influenza) is an antiviral that binds to the HA protein of influenza viruses. Baloxavir marboxil is a selective inhibitor of influenza cap-dependent endonuclease.

Antivirals and their mechanisms of action

Antiviral actions include inhibiting viral attachment, endocytosis, fusion, uncoating, transcription, replication, assembly, and release.
Specific examples are provided for influenza viruses (e.g., oseltamivir, zanamivir), COVID-19 (e.g., remdesivir, nirmatrelvir/ritonavir), and others.

SARS-CoV-2 Nucleoside Analogues

Remdesivir (COVID-19) is a chain terminator, adenosine nucleoside analogue that inhibits replication of RNA viruses.
Molnupiravir (COVID-19) is a prodrug cytidine nucleoside analogue that inhibits replication of RNA viruses.

Nirmatrelvir (part of Paxlovid) COVID-19

Covalent protease inhibitor, hinders polyprotein processing.
Demonstrated efficacy in 2018 for cat coronavirus.
Ritonavir a protease inhibitor reduces metabolism of other drugs.

Influenza Virus Summary

The documented viral life cycle (influenza) includes attachment, endocytosis, fusion, uncoating, transcription, RNA replication, protein synthesis, assembly, and release.
There are a number of FDA approved antivirals like amantadine, rimantadine,MEDI8852, MHAA4549A,VIS-410 CT-P27, CR6261, CR8020,Fludase, Nitazoxanide, oseltamivir,zanamivir,peramivir, laninamivir,pimodivir, S-033188, AL-794, Baloxavir, Marboxil, Favipiravir.

Neuraminidase Inhibitors

Designed to mimic the natural ligand (sialic acid) to inhibit NA (neuraminidase) activity.
NA catalytically cleaves glycosidic bonds, facilitating viral exit from the host cell.

Summary

Summary of different classes of antiviral drugs are provided in the notes.
Details on the mechanisms of actions of these drugs are provided.
Resistance levels to different drugs are given.
Additional information includes data from September 2019.

Studying That Suits You

Use AI to generate personalized quizzes and flashcards to suit your learning preferences.

Description

This quiz focuses on antiviral drugs used to treat respiratory viral infections, including influenza, RSV, and COVID-19. Pharmacy students will learn about the virus life cycle, the mechanisms of antiviral drugs, and specific medications for treating these infections. Enhance your understanding of the role of antivirals in public health and their effectiveness against various viral families.