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Questions and Answers
Exertional rhabdomyolysis is also known as ______
Exertional rhabdomyolysis is also known as ______
Monday morning disease
Muscle damage caused by external trauma can include ______
Muscle damage caused by external trauma can include ______
crush injury
The condition known as sarcopenia is linked to the ______ effects of aging.
The condition known as sarcopenia is linked to the ______ effects of aging.
decreasing
Inflammatory myopathies, such as myositis, involve muscle ______
Inflammatory myopathies, such as myositis, involve muscle ______
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One common muscle disorder associated with nutritional deficiencies is ______
One common muscle disorder associated with nutritional deficiencies is ______
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Ischemia can lead to ______, which is a lack of blood flow to the muscles.
Ischemia can lead to ______, which is a lack of blood flow to the muscles.
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______ myopathies can result from bacterial infections affecting muscle tissue.
______ myopathies can result from bacterial infections affecting muscle tissue.
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Under anaerobic conditions, clostridia bacteria can proliferate and produce ______.
Under anaerobic conditions, clostridia bacteria can proliferate and produce ______.
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The term sarcopenia refers to a generalized reduction in muscle mass, strength, and function related to ______.
The term sarcopenia refers to a generalized reduction in muscle mass, strength, and function related to ______.
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Chronic myopathic change in aged animals often leads to muscle ______.
Chronic myopathic change in aged animals often leads to muscle ______.
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Myopathy can be ______ or acquired.
Myopathy can be ______ or acquired.
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Acquired muscle disease in livestock is often associated with nutritional ______ or ingestion of myotoxins.
Acquired muscle disease in livestock is often associated with nutritional ______ or ingestion of myotoxins.
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Blockage of larger arteries can result in a form of necrosis known as ______.
Blockage of larger arteries can result in a form of necrosis known as ______.
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Ischemia can lead to ______ atrophy of intact myofibers.
Ischemia can lead to ______ atrophy of intact myofibers.
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Ionophore toxicity is one of the causes of ______ myopathies.
Ionophore toxicity is one of the causes of ______ myopathies.
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Exercise-induced myonecrosis can occur due to ______ overexertion.
Exercise-induced myonecrosis can occur due to ______ overexertion.
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The process of muscle repair and regeneration involves the activation of ______ cells, which are crucial for repairing muscle fibers.
The process of muscle repair and regeneration involves the activation of ______ cells, which are crucial for repairing muscle fibers.
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Sarcopenia is characterized by the loss of ______, primarily seen in elderly individuals.
Sarcopenia is characterized by the loss of ______, primarily seen in elderly individuals.
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One common disorder affecting muscles is ______, which involves inflammation and damage to muscle fibers.
One common disorder affecting muscles is ______, which involves inflammation and damage to muscle fibers.
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Ischemia can result in a lack of oxygen to muscle tissue, leading to ______ and potentially cell death.
Ischemia can result in a lack of oxygen to muscle tissue, leading to ______ and potentially cell death.
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Nutritional myopathies are primarily caused by deficiencies in ______, which are essential for muscle function.
Nutritional myopathies are primarily caused by deficiencies in ______, which are essential for muscle function.
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In the case of toxic myopathies, exposure to certain ______ can lead to muscle damage and dysfunction.
In the case of toxic myopathies, exposure to certain ______ can lead to muscle damage and dysfunction.
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Aging can lead to a decrease in the number of functional ______ cells, hindering muscle regeneration.
Aging can lead to a decrease in the number of functional ______ cells, hindering muscle regeneration.
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The condition characterized by muscle thinning and weakness due to disuse or aging is known as ______.
The condition characterized by muscle thinning and weakness due to disuse or aging is known as ______.
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Study Notes
Veterinary Systemic Pathology - Musculoskeletal System
- The musculoskeletal system comprises bones, ligaments, tendons, and cartilage, along with attached muscles.
- This system provides the body's structure, support, and enables movement (locomotion). It also safeguards vital organs.
- Injuries and diseases can damage bones, muscles, and joints.
Muscle Fiber Typing
- Type 1 (Slow twitch): Oxidative, fatigue resistant, "red muscle"; aerobic
- Type 2A (Fast twitch): Oxidative and glycolytic, fatigue resistant
- Type 2B (Fast twitch): Fatigue sensitive, highly glycolytic, "white muscle"; anaerobic
Muscle Anatomy
- The structure of the musculoskeletal system ranges from the microscopic level of myofibrils to the macroscopic level of muscles and tendons.
- Myofibril: Essential component of muscle, composed of actin and myosin filaments.
- Muscle fiber: Individual muscle cells composed of myofibrils and surrounded by connective tissues.
- Fascicle: A bundle of muscle fibers
- Perimysium: Connective tissue sheath surrounding a fascicle.
- Endomysium: Connective tissue sheath surrounding individual muscle fibers.
- Epimysium: Connective tissue wrapping the entire muscle.
- Tendon: Connects muscle to bone.
- Nerves and Capillaries: Provide crucial functions like signaling for contraction and oxygen supply.
Pathology of the Muscular System
- Portals of Entry: Trauma, infection, blood-borne pathogens and inflammatory cells can enter via blood vessels, penetrating wounds, and fractures.
- Physiological Factors: Excessive muscle tension, exercise, and loss of blood supply can damage muscles.
- Genetic Factors: Inherited disorders can lead to various muscle diseases.
- Nutritional/Toxic Factors: Deficiencies in nutrients like selenium/vitamin E, or exposure to toxins can be harmful to muscles.
Muscle Necrosis
- Muscle necrosis is the death of muscle tissue.
- It can be caused by trauma and ischemia, infectious agents, and myotoxins.
- Histological characteristics of myofiber necrosis include swelling, eosinophilia, loss of striations.
Muscle Regeneration
- Muscle regeneration involves the repair of damaged muscle fibers.
- Satellite cells play a key role in muscle regeneration by differentiating into myoblasts that fuse to form new muscle fibers.
Alteration in Myofiber Size - Atrophy
- Atrophy is a decrease in muscle size (reduced diameter of myofibers).
- It can result from various physiologic and metabolic factors, such as inactivity, or denervation.
- Atrophy is generally reversible if the underlying cause is addressed.
Alteration in Myofiber Size - Hypertrophy
- Hypertrophy is an increase in muscle size (increased diameter of myofibers).
- Can be physiologic, as a result of exercise.
- Can be compensatory, due to increased workload on remaining muscle fibers after injury or disease.
Cytoarchitectural Changes
- Vacuolar change is a common cytoplasmic alteration in muscle cells.
- Can be an initial sign of necrosis, reflecting underlying conditions like sarcotubular dilation.
- May also be caused by abnormal storage of carbohydrates or lipids.
Internal Nuclei
- Internal nuclei are typically found peripherally in domestic animals.
- Rodents are an exception; retaining internal nuclei after regeneration.
Whorled and Ring Fibers
- Whorled fibers: contain a spiral of cytoplasm; often seen in chronic denervation and necrosis.
- Ring fibers: contain a peripheral rim of sarcomeres perpendicular to their normal orientation.
Chronic Myopathic Change - Aging
- Sarcopenia is a general decline of muscle mass, strength, and function due to aging.
- Animals may also show mild to severe muscle atrophy.
- Accumulation of lipofuscin within skeletal muscle can occur, but usually no apparent clinical significance.
Common Muscle Disorders in Domestic Animals
- Myopathies can be inherited or acquired.
- Nutritional disorders, toxicities (ionophores, plants), trauma, and exercise can cause injury and damage.
- Infectious agents (bacteria, viruses, parasites) can trigger inflammatory myopathies.
Skeletal Muscle - Pathology Summary
- The musculoskeletal system, including the bones and muscles are susceptible to a variety of issues that may lead to damage and/or functional impairment.
- The presentations, causes, and severity of these diseases vary, necessitating specific diagnosis and treatment.
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Description
Explore the intricate details of the musculoskeletal system, including its structure, function, and common injuries. Learn about muscle fiber types and their characteristics, as well as the anatomy ranging from myofibrils to whole muscles. This quiz is essential for understanding veterinary pathology related to the musculoskeletal system.
