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Questions and Answers
What does a 'barrel abdomen' typically indicate?
What does a 'barrel abdomen' typically indicate?
- Nutritional deficiencies
- Gas accumulation (correct)
- Fluid accumulation
- Heart problems
Which condition is NOT associated with increased abdominal wall tension?
Which condition is NOT associated with increased abdominal wall tension?
- Gastritis
- Peritonitis
- Gastric meteorism
- Hepatitis (correct)
In external palpation of the abdomen, which area is typically NOT assessed?
In external palpation of the abdomen, which area is typically NOT assessed?
- Cranial area
- Dorsal area
- Posterior area (correct)
- Ventral area
What indicates generalized abdominal distension in an assessment?
What indicates generalized abdominal distension in an assessment?
Which of the following is NOT evaluated during the suclusion test?
Which of the following is NOT evaluated during the suclusion test?
Which of the following signs indicate a potential issue with the digestive system during external inspection?
Which of the following signs indicate a potential issue with the digestive system during external inspection?
What should be observed when inspecting the tongue for signs of health or disease?
What should be observed when inspecting the tongue for signs of health or disease?
What is a common issue associated with the soft palate in brachycephalic breeds?
What is a common issue associated with the soft palate in brachycephalic breeds?
What is an indication of a foreign body issue during an oral examination?
What is an indication of a foreign body issue during an oral examination?
What is the recommended approach to manage a dangerous animal during a mouth examination?
What is the recommended approach to manage a dangerous animal during a mouth examination?
What does the occurrence of stomatitis during internal inspection suggest?
What does the occurrence of stomatitis during internal inspection suggest?
What condition is characterized by communication with the nostril and difficulty suctioning in animals?
What condition is characterized by communication with the nostril and difficulty suctioning in animals?
Which dental issue involves localized progressive disintegration due to bacterial acids?
Which dental issue involves localized progressive disintegration due to bacterial acids?
What is a common consequence of dental calculus on chewing ability?
What is a common consequence of dental calculus on chewing ability?
What is a potential sign of salivary gland alteration due to dehydration?
What is a potential sign of salivary gland alteration due to dehydration?
Which condition is associated with excess saliva production?
Which condition is associated with excess saliva production?
What condition is associated with decreased borborigms during auscultation?
What condition is associated with decreased borborigms during auscultation?
What is the purpose of a rectal exam in the anus/rectum inspection?
What is the purpose of a rectal exam in the anus/rectum inspection?
In which scenario is sialorrhea likely to occur?
In which scenario is sialorrhea likely to occur?
What diagnostic approach is used to assess the esophagus?
What diagnostic approach is used to assess the esophagus?
Which diagnostic test is NOT mentioned in the supplemental tests for abdominal assessment?
Which diagnostic test is NOT mentioned in the supplemental tests for abdominal assessment?
What could increased urine volume, or polyuria, indicate in a clinical examination?
What could increased urine volume, or polyuria, indicate in a clinical examination?
What is a possible outcome of a mandible fracture related to salivation?
What is a possible outcome of a mandible fracture related to salivation?
What physical examination technique is used to evaluate the liver based on abdominal assessment?
What physical examination technique is used to evaluate the liver based on abdominal assessment?
What may be indicated by inflammation in the pharynx during an examination?
What may be indicated by inflammation in the pharynx during an examination?
In the context of abdominal paracentesis, what is a potential outcome of pressure changes?
In the context of abdominal paracentesis, what is a potential outcome of pressure changes?
Which gland is least likely to be involved in the accumulation of saliva leading to a ranula?
Which gland is least likely to be involved in the accumulation of saliva leading to a ranula?
Which of the following describes increased frequency of micturition?
Which of the following describes increased frequency of micturition?
What type of fluid wave test is specifically mentioned for evaluating abdominal conditions?
What type of fluid wave test is specifically mentioned for evaluating abdominal conditions?
What is the medical term for decreased urine volume?
What is the medical term for decreased urine volume?
Which condition is characterized by complete absence of urination?
Which condition is characterized by complete absence of urination?
Which of the following conditions could lead to painful and slow urination?
Which of the following conditions could lead to painful and slow urination?
What is a possible cause of bladder distension?
What is a possible cause of bladder distension?
Which diagnostic method can be used for both exploration and treatment of urinary problems?
Which diagnostic method can be used for both exploration and treatment of urinary problems?
In cats, where is the right kidney typically palpated?
In cats, where is the right kidney typically palpated?
Which of the following is NOT a common cause of bladder distension?
Which of the following is NOT a common cause of bladder distension?
What does NOT characterize anuria?
What does NOT characterize anuria?
Which clinical sign is indicative of renal or pelvis obstruction?
Which clinical sign is indicative of renal or pelvis obstruction?
What is the term for painful urination associated with prostate issues?
What is the term for painful urination associated with prostate issues?
What characteristics should the testicle have during palpation?
What characteristics should the testicle have during palpation?
Which condition is characterized by the permanent exteriorization of the penis?
Which condition is characterized by the permanent exteriorization of the penis?
What should be assessed during the palpation of the prostate?
What should be assessed during the palpation of the prostate?
Which of the following is NOT a potential issue to inspect for in the male prepuce?
Which of the following is NOT a potential issue to inspect for in the male prepuce?
Which condition might present with difficult micturition and tenesmus?
Which condition might present with difficult micturition and tenesmus?
What is the main purpose of using a vaginoscope or vaginal speculum during internal inspection?
What is the main purpose of using a vaginoscope or vaginal speculum during internal inspection?
Which of the following conditions is characterized by gland inflammation?
Which of the following conditions is characterized by gland inflammation?
Which female condition is related to abnormal secretions?
Which female condition is related to abnormal secretions?
What does a hematoma in the prepuce indicate?
What does a hematoma in the prepuce indicate?
What type of issues should be looked for during inspection of the vulva?
What type of issues should be looked for during inspection of the vulva?
Flashcards
Stomatitis
Stomatitis
Inflammation of the mouth, affecting all or parts of the oral mucosa.
Gingivitis
Gingivitis
Inflammation of the gums, typically caused by bacteria and plaque build-up.
Glossitis
Glossitis
Inflammation of the tongue. It can be caused by various factors like trauma, infections, or allergies.
Epulis
Epulis
Benign tumor found on the gums, often arising from the epithelial tissue.
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Cleft Palate
Cleft Palate
A congenital condition where the roof of the mouth fails to close completely, leading to a gap between the mouth and nasal cavity.
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Trismus
Trismus
Difficulty in opening the mouth, which can be caused by various factors like muscle spasms, inflammation, or trauma.
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Sialorrhea
Sialorrhea
Excessive saliva production, often indicative of underlying health issues.
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Elongated Soft Palate
Elongated Soft Palate
An elongated soft palate, often found in brachycephalic breeds, which can obstruct airflow and lead to breathing difficulties.
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Barrel abdomen
Barrel abdomen
A sign of abdominal distention, characterized by a rounded or barrel-shaped abdomen, usually caused by an accumulation of gas within the intestines.
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Abdominal succussion test
Abdominal succussion test
A medical examination technique used to detect the presence of free fluid in the abdominal cavity by tapping the abdomen and listening for a sloshing sound.
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Table-shaped abdomen
Table-shaped abdomen
A sign of abdominal pain, where the abdominal wall is tense and rigid due to muscle spasms in response to inflammation or irritation.
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Cranial abdomen
Cranial abdomen
The anterior portion of the abdomen. The opposite of 'caudal'.
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Caudal abdomen
Caudal abdomen
The posterior portion of the abdomen. The opposite of 'cranial.'
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Periodontal disease (Gingivitis and Periodontitis)
Periodontal disease (Gingivitis and Periodontitis)
A condition affecting the gums, characterized by inflammation and potentially leading to bone loss.
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Difficulty chewing
Difficulty chewing
Difficulty in chewing, often caused by dental problems.
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Halitosis
Halitosis
Bad breath or halitosis can be caused by bacteria trapped between teeth or on the tongue.
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Enamel hypoplasia
Enamel hypoplasia
A condition where the enamel on a tooth doesn't form properly, often due to illness like distemper in puppyhood
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Sialadenitis
Sialadenitis
Swelling of the salivary glands.
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Sialocele or Mucocele
Sialocele or Mucocele
A fluid-filled sac formed by saliva accumulating in the mouth, often due to blockages or trauma.
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Ranula
Ranula
A type of mucocele that occurs in the sublingual gland.
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Ptyalism
Ptyalism
A condition where the salivary glands produce too much saliva, possibly due to inflammation, foreign objects, or medications.
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Abdominal Fluid Wave
Abdominal Fluid Wave
A technique used to assess abdominal fluid accumulation by feeling for a wave-like movement of fluid with gentle palpation.
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Percussion of the Abdomen
Percussion of the Abdomen
A method of examining the abdomen by tapping with fingers. It helps assess the presence of gas, fluid, or solid masses.
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Borborigms
Borborigms
Normal bowel sounds characterized by gurgling or rumbling noises heard with a stethoscope.
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Increased Borborigms
Increased Borborigms
Increased bowel sounds, often indicating hypermotility or inflammation in the digestive tract.
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Decreased Borborigms
Decreased Borborigms
Decreased bowel sounds, often indicating decreased motility or obstruction in the digestive tract.
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Anal/Rectal Examination
Anal/Rectal Examination
A part of a physical examination where the anus and rectum are visually inspected and palpated to assess the condition of the sphincter, mucous membranes, and other structures.
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Abdominal Paracentesis
Abdominal Paracentesis
The fluid collected from the abdominal cavity via a needle puncture.
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Diagnostic Imaging in the Reproductive/Urinary System
Diagnostic Imaging in the Reproductive/Urinary System
This refers to various medical imaging techniques that provide detailed images of internal organs and structures, crucial for diagnosis and treatment.
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Oliguria
Oliguria
Decreased urine volume.
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Dysuria
Dysuria
Painful urination.
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Strangury
Strangury
Slow and painful urination, often with straining.
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Endoscopy
Endoscopy
Examination of the internal lining of a body cavity using a flexible or rigid instrument.
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Biopsy
Biopsy
A medical procedure that involves extracting a small sample of tissue from an organ or body part.
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Cystitis
Cystitis
Inflammation of the bladder.
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Urethritis
Urethritis
Inflammation of the urethra.
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Hydrocele
Hydrocele
Fluid accumulation in the scrotum.
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Hematoceles
Hematoceles
An abnormal collection of blood in the scrotum.
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Inguinal area
Inguinal area
In males, it refers to the scrotal sac and the tissues surrounding the testes and epididymis. It's where we check for swelling, pain, or abnormalities.
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Prepuce
Prepuce
The part of the penis that covers the glans, it can become inflamed (Posthitis), have constrictions (Phimosis), or even get stuck outside (Paraphimosis).
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Balanitis
Balanitis
Inflammation of the glans penis, often caused by infections or irritation.
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Prostate
Prostate
A gland located near the bladder in males, it's often examined for abnormalities during a rectal exam.
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Prostatitis
Prostatitis
Inflammation of the prostate gland, often associated with discomfort and urinary problems.
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Vulva
Vulva
The external female genitalia, it's checked for any signs of abnormalities or problems.
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Mammary glands
Mammary glands
The breast tissue in females, which is examined for size, shape, tenderness, and any lumps.
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Vagina
Vagina
The inner part of the female reproductive tract, it's examined using a speculum to look for abnormalities, infections, or other problems.
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Reproductive diagnostics
Reproductive diagnostics
A collection of procedures, including blood tests, urine tests, imaging scans, and biopsies, to understand and diagnose various reproductive problems.
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Clinical Propedeutics: Digestive, Reproductive, and Urinary System (MC3)
- Course offered by CEU Cardenal Herrera University.
- Targeted at dogs and cats.
- Academic year 2024-2025.
- Instructor: Ayla Del Romero Martínez, DVM, PhD, GpCert(SAS).
Digestive System Exploration: Introduction
- Examination is methodical, starting at the mouth and progressing cranially.
- Includes collection of clinical history and signalment (species, breed, age).
- Anamnesis focuses on feeding habits (quantity, quality, appetite, thirst, mastication, salivation, swallowing), vomiting and diarrhea (quantity, quality), and changes in diet or foreign bodies.
Digestive System Exploration: Mouth
- External Inspection: Observe lip position (including facial paralysis), cheilitis/wounds, trismus/lockjaw, difficulty opening the mouth, sialorrhea/ptyalism, tongue exposure, and tumors.
- How to open the mouth: Different techniques based on the manageability of the animal (sedation, gauze bandages used in dangerous animals). Manageable animals: hands on the jaw and mandible, fingers pressing lips towards teeth). Dangerous animals: sedation and a gauze bandage.
- Internal Inspection: Examination of mucous membranes, tongue, teeth, hard palate, soft palate, salivary glands, and pharynx/tonsils.
Digestive System Exploration: Mouth and Mucous Membranes
- Color: Assess the color of mucous membranes (pink, red, cyan, etc.)
- Inflammation: Look for general stomatitis, local gingivitis/glossitis.
- Tumors: Epulis (benign) and melanoma (malignant).
Digestive System Exploration: Mouth and Tongue
- Size: Evaluate for macroglossia or microglossia.
- Inflammation: Look for glossitis and conditions like Pine Procesionary.
- Wounds/Traumatisms: Identify any injuries.
- Paralysis: Assess paralysis related to N. XII/hypoglossal nerve.
- Foreign Bodies (Cats): Check for foreign bodies specifically in cats.
Digestive System Exploration: Mouth and Palate
- Fractures: Identify any trauma-related fractures.
- Cleft Palate (Palatoschisis): Note congenital cleft palate, and related difficulties including suctioning and communication problems between the nostril.
- Soft Palate: Observe elongated soft palate, often indicative of brachycephalic breeds.
Digestive System Exploration: Mouth and Teeth
- Deciduous/Temporary Teething: Assess decay (localized, progressive disintegration from bacterial acids)
- Dental Calculus: Consider periodontal disease (gingivitis, periodontitis), difficulty chewing, halitosis, and abnormal color (e.g., enamel hypoplasia).
- Weathering/Fractures: Evaluate for weathering/fractures (especially in animals that play with stones).
Digestive System Exploration: Mouth and Salivary Glands
- Salivary Gland Anatomy: Identify parotid, mandibular, and sublingual salivary glands.
- Secretion Alterations:
- Diminished (Hyposalia): Consider dehydration, drugs (atropine), panting/mouth breathing.
- Increased (Ptyalism): Look for stomatitis/gingivitis/glossitis, foreign bodies, drug intoxications.
- Sialorrhea (Drooling): Identify possible mandible fracture or presence of a foreign body or facial paralysis.
- Salivary Gland Alterations: Consider inflammation (sialadenitis), saliva accumulation (sialoceles/mucoceles), trauma, foreign bodies, sialoliths (salivary duct stones), and ranula (sublingual salivary gland mucocele).
Digestive System Exploration: Mouth/Pharynx and Tonsils
- Inflammation: Assess size, sensibility, and temperature of the pharynx and tonsils.
- Neoplasias: Identify any tumors in the region.
- Foreign Body: Examine for foreign bodies.
- Pharynx Reflex (deglutition): Evaluate using IX and X cranial nerves.
Digestive System Exploration: Esophagus
- Inspection and Palpation: Examine externally.
- Deglutition: Evaluate esophageal function and size (increased size from foreign bodies, dilation, or tumors).
- Internal Examination: Use "probing" or endoscopy to evaluate the internal structures.
Digestive System Exploration: Abdomen
- Paradigm (external organs): Regions include epigastrium, mesogastrium, hypogastrium.
- Inspection: Assess shape, volume, symmetry, generalized or localized increases (solids/food/tumors); or decreases (malnutrition/malabsorption); presence of solids, liquids or gas (e.g., ascites(fluid in the abdomen), pyometra(infection of the uterus)).
- External Palpation: Determine tension, presence of masses, tenderness..
- Suction Test: Used to detect free fluid in the abdomen
- Percussion: Assess different areas for solid/fluid.
- Auscultation: Listen to bowel sounds using a stethoscope, noting increased (hypermotility) or decreased (hypomotility).
Digestive System Exploration: Anus/Rectum
- Inspection/Palpation (Rectal Exam): Examine the anus and rectum using an index or little finger.
- Evaluation: Assess the sphincter (agenesis, tonicity).
- Rectal Mucus: Identify tumors or polyps.
- Prolapse: Check for rectal prolapse.
- Prostate: Examine for prostate issues if appropriate.
- Anal Glands: Examine for anal glands issues (fistulas).
Digestive System Exploration: Additional Tests
- Complementary tests: Include puncture (e.g., abdominal paracentesis), plain x-rays, contrast studies, ultrasounds, endoscopy, biopsy, and CT/MRI.
Reproductive and Urinary System Exploration
- Clinical History, Signalment, and Anamnesis: Includes general status, water intake, urine quantity, urine characteristics (e.g., hematuria), sexual behavior, and drug history (e.g., corticoids).
Urinary System Exploration: Urination
- Polyuria: Increased urine volume (e.g., diabetes mellitus).
- Polyaquuria (Frequency): Increased frequency of urination (e.g., cystitis, urethritis).
- Oliguria: Decreased urine volume (e.g., dehydration).
- Anury: Absence of urination (e.g., obstruction).
- Dysuria: Difficulty urinating (e.g., urethral obstruction, renal problems).
- Stranguriae: Painful and slow urination (e.g., prostatic problems).
Urinary System Exploration: Anatomy
- Kidney, ureters, bladder, and urethra are shown with male/female anatomical differences highlighted.
Urinary System Exploration: Kidneys
- Inspection: Look for signs and antialgic postures.
- Palpation: Assess size, shape, consistency, and pain.
- Dogs: ventral lumbar muscle (T13-L2, LK:L2-L4).
- Cats: relatively easy to palpate (RK:L1-L3 / LK: L2-L5).
Urinary System Exploration: Bladder
- Palpation: Palpate for distension, causes, and complications, like blood clots, uroliths (FLUTD), urethral trauma, prostate issues, torsions, sphincter paralysis, or neoplasia.
Urinary System Exploration: Urethra
- Inspection/Palpation: Examine external and internal structures with appropriate focus on possible issues associated with the urethra.
- Collection: Sample collection methods like catheterization or cystocentesis are relevant.
- Endoscopy: Rigid/flexible endoscopy may be necessary for some cases.
Genital System Exploration: Male
- Scrotum: Inspect for asymmetry, light (physiological), increased size (orchitis, neoplasia), decreased size (atrophy), pain, inflammation, edema, and skin conditions.
- Testicle/Epididymus: Look for size/volume (microrquidia, macrorquidia), congenital issues, acquired problems, orchitis, neoplasms, hydroceles/hematoceles, symmetry (important difference.)
- Position, Sensitivity, Consistency: Assessment of the testicles and epididymis—position, sensitivity (non-painful), and consistency (firm, elastic).
- Motility/Adherencies: Examine if the testicles or epididymus are movable or exhibit any adhesions.
- Prepuce: Check for dermatological problems, adhesions, hematomas, abscesses, neoplasia, inflammation (posthitis), phimosis (prepucial orifice stenosis), and paraphimosis (permanent exteriorization of the penis),
- Penis: Inspect/palpate for priapism (permanent erection), balanitis (gland inflammation), edema, and neoplasms.
- Prostate: Palpate using a rectal exam, assess size, shape, consistency, and pain to identify potential problems (prostatitis, BPH, cysts, neoplasia, or abscesses).
Genital System Exploration: Female
- External Inspection: Assess the abdomen (size) and vulva (anatomy, mucosa colour, adhesions, wounds, stenosis, prolapse/hyperplasia/neoplasia, secretions, pyometra, and hemorrhages).
- Mammary Glands: Palpate size, sensibility, consistency, and temperature, checking for inflammation/hyperplasia, and neoplasms (lymph nodes)
- Internal Inspection (Vagina): Vaginoscopic/vaginal speculum are useful for visualizing the vagina; pay attention to mucosa color, neoplasias, injuries, and the hymen.
Genital System Exploration: Additional Tests
- Biochemical and urinalysis tests, X-rays (plain/contrast), ultrasounds, endoscopy, cytology, and biopsies are potential tools for diagnosis.
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