Veterinary Blood Donation Quiz
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Questions and Answers

What is the ideal blood volume donation from a healthy donor animal?

  • No more than 5%
  • No more than 10% (correct)
  • No more than 20%
  • No more than 15%

    • Which blood type is considered the universal donor for dogs?

  • DEA 1 positive
  • DEA 1 negative (correct)
  • Type A
  • Type B

    • What maximum blood volume loss can a healthy donor animal handle without approaching hypovolemic shock?

  • 40%
  • 30% (correct)
  • 20%
  • 10%

    • What is the main benefit of testing for pathogens like Anaplasma and Babesia before transfusion?

    <p>To avoid transferring blood-borne diseases</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why are male horses preferred as donors?

    <p>Females can be sensitized to fetal antigens</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a common transfusion trigger for utilizing RBC products?

    <p>Hematocrit below 30%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Donkeys and mules should not be used as blood donors for what reason?

    <p>They can transmit diseases to horses</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is an important characteristic of prospective blood donors?

    <p>They should be tolerant of handling</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What hematocrit level is considered safe in otherwise healthy normovolemic patients?

    <p>18%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a sign of anemia that should prompt immediate attention?

    <p>Increased appetite</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why might patients with chronic anemia not require a transfusion despite low hematocrit levels?

    <p>Rightward shift in the oxy-hemoglobin dissociation curve</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which condition is a strong trigger for plasma transfusion?

    <p>Coagulopathy linked to secondary hemostasis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the most important canine blood type antigen?

    <p>DEA 1</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What defines DEA 1 positive dogs in the context of blood transfusion?

    <p>They possess the DEA 1 antigen on their red blood cells.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a major reason acute anemias may require transfusions at higher PCV levels than chronic anemias?

    <p>They have less time to adapt to low oxygen levels.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does a rightward shift in the oxy-hemoglobin dissociation curve indicate?

    <p>Increased oxygen offloading in peripheral tissues</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of blood can positive dogs receive?

    <p>Either positive or negative blood</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is blood typing critical for cats before a transfusion?

    <p>It can prevent fatal reactions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the minimum requirement in emergencies for feline blood transfusions if blood typing is not available?

    <p>Cross matching is mandatory</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which animal requires a cross match to assess compatibility but is primarily used for blood transfusions?

    <p>Horses</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main purpose of performing a major crossmatch?

    <p>To detect anti-RBC antibodies in the recipient's plasma</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to dogs that have been transfused longer than 4-5 days regarding transfusions?

    <p>They should ideally be typed and crossmatched</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following blood types is crucial for dogs?

    <p>DEA 1</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is cross matching primarily utilized in horses during blood transfusions?

    <p>To check blood compatibility in previous transfusions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the maximum storage life of red blood cells in CPDA-1 anticoagulant?

    <p>35 days</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which blood product contains active platelets and coagulation factors?

    <p>Fresh whole blood</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of component therapy in transfusion medicine?

    <p>Maximize the number of patients treated per donation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the indication for using fresh whole blood in animals?

    <p>Acute hemorrhage with thrombocytopenia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a consequence of administering stored whole blood greater than 6 hours old?

    <p>Reduced coagulation factors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which product is most suitable for treating chronic hemolytic anemia?

    <p>Packed red blood cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What condition might indicate the use of packed red blood cells?

    <p>Volume overload due to heart disease</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the typical starting dose of blood for transfusion in animals?

    <p>20 mL/kg</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does a crossmatch grade of 2+ indicate?

    <p>Few large agglutinates mixed with smaller clumps</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When evaluating blood for compatibility, which type of crossmatch is prioritized?

    <p>Major crossmatch</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main reason for performing an autoagglutination screen?

    <p>To prevent destruction of the entire transfusion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is true about the presence of incompatible antibodies in a major crossmatch reaction?

    <p>It can destroy the entire transfusion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements regarding blood product administration is correct?

    <p>Blood products must be prepared with a dedicated line for administration.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of having a higher amount of plasma in the recipient compared to donor RBCs?

    <p>It increases the potential for major reactions due to incompatible antibodies.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does a crossmatch grade of 0 signify?

    <p>No agglutination is observed.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How should pRBCs be modified before administration if needed?

    <p>By adding 0.9% NaCl to make it less viscous.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What can A-B incompatibility in cats lead to?

    <p>Neonatal isoerythrolysis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the recommended practice for cats due to the Mik antigen?

    <p>Crossmatching is recommended</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which blood group systems are predominant in horses?

    <p>A, C, D, K, P, Q, U</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens when foals inherit a different blood type from their mare?

    <p>They may develop neonatal isoerythrolysis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of blood typing prior to transfusion in dogs and cats?

    <p>It helps to ensure compatibility and prevent reactions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which method is commonly used for blood typing in practice?

    <p>Card type method and immunochromatography</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What should DEA 1 negative dogs receive?

    <p>Negative blood products only</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key consideration when typing blood?

    <p>Recipient blood must be free of autoagglutination evidence</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Major Learning Goals: VETM 5291: Transfusion Medicine

    • List characteristics of a good blood donor and calculate maximum donation volume.
    • List red blood cell transfusion triggers in dogs, cats, and horses.
    • Identify important blood groups in dogs, cats, and horses and how they affect transfusion decisions.
    • Interpret blood typing tests for dogs and cats.
    • Understand indications for crossmatching blood (major and minor crossmatch) and interpretation of crossmatch results.
    • Identify different types of transfusion reactions and strategies for avoidance and monitoring.

    Blood Products

    • Blood products are used to treat anemia, coagulopathy, and hypoproteinemia.
    • Common products include fresh whole blood, packed red blood cells (pRBCs), and plasma.
    • Product selection depends on the animal's needs (e.g., RBCs for anemia, fresh whole blood for multiple needs).
    • Blood banking is well developed for dogs and cats, with readily available products.
    • Local donors are often used for animals requiring infrequent transfusions.

    Donor Characteristics

    • Ideal donors are healthy, young, fit animals that haven't received previous transfusions.
    • Potential donors should be screened for health, blood type, and potential pathogens.
    • Dogs: DEA 1 negative are "universal donors."
    • Cats: A and B type donors are needed, as they must receive type specific blood.

    Recipient Characteristics

    • Transfusion triggers depend on patient circumstances.
    • Oxygen delivery to tissues is maximized in hematocrits of 30-40%.
    • Low hematocrits (as low as 18%) are safe in healthy normovolemic patients.
    • Clinicians should consider ongoing blood loss, chronicity of anemia, and other concurrent illness.
    • Patients with acute anemia (e.g., IMHA, hemorrhage) require higher PCV transfusions than chronic anemia patients.

    Blood Typing

    • Canine Blood Types: DEA 1 antigen is the most significant.
    • Majority of dogs are DEA 1 positive.
    • DEA 1 negative dogs are considered "universal donors.".
    • Testing for other antigens (DEA 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, and 8, Kai1, Kai 2, and Dal antigen) is also important, but not commonly routinely tested.
    • Feline Blood Types: Cats have A, B, or AB types with type A being overwhelmingly common.
    • Type B cats have naturally occurring anti-A antibodies.
    • Type A cats may have weak anti-B antibodies.
    • A-B mismatches result in immediate, potentially fatal reaction.

    Crossmatching

    • Crossmatching detects anti-RBC antibodies in donor or recipient plasma.
    • Essential in determining compatibility between donor and recipient blood.
    • Major and minor crossmatches assess donor RBCs with recipient plasma and vice versa.
    • Grades of agglutination in crossmatches are used to classify compatibility.
    • Ideal match is no agglutination (grade 0).

    Blood Product Administration and Monitoring

    • Administration of blood should be slow, with thorough monitoring to identify any reactions.
    • Reactions (e.g., hemolytic, allergic, febrile) may occur.
    • Proper handling and storage of blood products is crucial to avoid bacterial contamination and product degradation.
    • Monitor for signs of transfusion reactions (e.g., fever, dyspnea, hypotension).
    • Take baseline vital signs and re-evaluate periodically.

    Transfusion Reactions

    • Four major classes: acute immunologic, delayed immunologic, acute non-immunologic, and delayed non-immunologic.
    • Acute immunologic: Antibodies and complement attack donor RBCs causing hemolysis (e.g., fever, hypotension, hemoglobinuria).
    • Delayed immunologic: Immune-mediated reactions to blood factors (e.g., previous sensitization may occur).
    • Acute non-immunologic: Reactions related to handling, administration, or metabolic changes (e.g., febrile reactions, circulatory overload).
    • Delayed non-immunologic: Infections or blood product complications (e.g., blood-borne infections).

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    VETM 5291: Transfusion Medicine PDF

    Description

    Test your knowledge on the key concepts of blood donation in veterinary medicine. This quiz covers topics such as ideal blood volumes, donor characteristics, and transfusion triggers for animals. Perfect for vet students and animal health professionals!

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