Veterinary Blood Donation Quiz
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Questions and Answers

What is the ideal blood volume donation from a healthy donor animal?

  • No more than 5%
  • No more than 10% (correct)
  • No more than 20%
  • No more than 15%

Which blood type is considered the universal donor for dogs?

  • DEA 1 positive
  • DEA 1 negative (correct)
  • Type A
  • Type B

What maximum blood volume loss can a healthy donor animal handle without approaching hypovolemic shock?

  • 40%
  • 30% (correct)
  • 20%
  • 10%

What is the main benefit of testing for pathogens like Anaplasma and Babesia before transfusion?

<p>To avoid transferring blood-borne diseases (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why are male horses preferred as donors?

<p>Females can be sensitized to fetal antigens (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a common transfusion trigger for utilizing RBC products?

<p>Hematocrit below 30% (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Donkeys and mules should not be used as blood donors for what reason?

<p>They can transmit diseases to horses (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is an important characteristic of prospective blood donors?

<p>They should be tolerant of handling (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What hematocrit level is considered safe in otherwise healthy normovolemic patients?

<p>18% (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a sign of anemia that should prompt immediate attention?

<p>Increased appetite (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why might patients with chronic anemia not require a transfusion despite low hematocrit levels?

<p>Rightward shift in the oxy-hemoglobin dissociation curve (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which condition is a strong trigger for plasma transfusion?

<p>Coagulopathy linked to secondary hemostasis (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the most important canine blood type antigen?

<p>DEA 1 (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What defines DEA 1 positive dogs in the context of blood transfusion?

<p>They possess the DEA 1 antigen on their red blood cells. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a major reason acute anemias may require transfusions at higher PCV levels than chronic anemias?

<p>They have less time to adapt to low oxygen levels. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does a rightward shift in the oxy-hemoglobin dissociation curve indicate?

<p>Increased oxygen offloading in peripheral tissues (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of blood can positive dogs receive?

<p>Either positive or negative blood (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why is blood typing critical for cats before a transfusion?

<p>It can prevent fatal reactions (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the minimum requirement in emergencies for feline blood transfusions if blood typing is not available?

<p>Cross matching is mandatory (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which animal requires a cross match to assess compatibility but is primarily used for blood transfusions?

<p>Horses (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main purpose of performing a major crossmatch?

<p>To detect anti-RBC antibodies in the recipient's plasma (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens to dogs that have been transfused longer than 4-5 days regarding transfusions?

<p>They should ideally be typed and crossmatched (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following blood types is crucial for dogs?

<p>DEA 1 (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why is cross matching primarily utilized in horses during blood transfusions?

<p>To check blood compatibility in previous transfusions (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the maximum storage life of red blood cells in CPDA-1 anticoagulant?

<p>35 days (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which blood product contains active platelets and coagulation factors?

<p>Fresh whole blood (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of component therapy in transfusion medicine?

<p>Maximize the number of patients treated per donation (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the indication for using fresh whole blood in animals?

<p>Acute hemorrhage with thrombocytopenia (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a consequence of administering stored whole blood greater than 6 hours old?

<p>Reduced coagulation factors (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which product is most suitable for treating chronic hemolytic anemia?

<p>Packed red blood cells (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What condition might indicate the use of packed red blood cells?

<p>Volume overload due to heart disease (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the typical starting dose of blood for transfusion in animals?

<p>20 mL/kg (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does a crossmatch grade of 2+ indicate?

<p>Few large agglutinates mixed with smaller clumps (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

When evaluating blood for compatibility, which type of crossmatch is prioritized?

<p>Major crossmatch (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main reason for performing an autoagglutination screen?

<p>To prevent destruction of the entire transfusion (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is true about the presence of incompatible antibodies in a major crossmatch reaction?

<p>It can destroy the entire transfusion (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements regarding blood product administration is correct?

<p>Blood products must be prepared with a dedicated line for administration. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of having a higher amount of plasma in the recipient compared to donor RBCs?

<p>It increases the potential for major reactions due to incompatible antibodies. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does a crossmatch grade of 0 signify?

<p>No agglutination is observed. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How should pRBCs be modified before administration if needed?

<p>By adding 0.9% NaCl to make it less viscous. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What can A-B incompatibility in cats lead to?

<p>Neonatal isoerythrolysis (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the recommended practice for cats due to the Mik antigen?

<p>Crossmatching is recommended (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which blood group systems are predominant in horses?

<p>A, C, D, K, P, Q, U (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens when foals inherit a different blood type from their mare?

<p>They may develop neonatal isoerythrolysis (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of blood typing prior to transfusion in dogs and cats?

<p>It helps to ensure compatibility and prevent reactions (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which method is commonly used for blood typing in practice?

<p>Card type method and immunochromatography (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What should DEA 1 negative dogs receive?

<p>Negative blood products only (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a key consideration when typing blood?

<p>Recipient blood must be free of autoagglutination evidence (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Ideal blood donation percentage

The ideal blood volume to donate from a healthy donor is only 10% of their total blood volume.

Horse donor antigen screening

Donors for horses should be tested for certain specific antigens, like Qa and Aa. They should also be negative for these antigens and their antibodies.

Donkey factor free plasma

Donors for horses should be certified as 'donkey factor free' if their plasma is used to treat failure of passive transfer in donkeys or mules. This ensures the plasma doesn't contain antibodies that could harm the foal.

Cat blood type screening

Donors for cats should be tested for both A and B blood types because cats need type-specific transfusions.

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Ideal blood donor characteristics

The ideal blood donor is a young, healthy animal that has never received a blood transfusion. They should be screened for various health indicators and potential pathogens.

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Dog donor pathogen screening

Dogs should be screened for specific pathogens like Anaplasma, Babesia, Bartonella, Ehrlichia, Leishmania, and Mycoplasma. This helps prevent transmitting infections to the recipient dog.

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DEA 1 negative dog donor

Ideally, dog blood donors are DEA 1 negative, making them 'universal donors' as their blood can be given to most dogs.

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Maximum blood donation volume

A large blood donation, up to 20% of the donor's blood volume, can be tolerated by a healthy donor. However, this is considered the maximum donation volume.

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Anemia

A condition where the body's ability to carry oxygen is reduced due to a low red blood cell count.

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Hematocrit (HCT)

The percentage of red blood cells in the blood.

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Red Blood Cell Transfusion

A type of blood transfusion where only the red blood cells are given to the patient.

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Plasma Transfusion

A type of blood transfusion where only the liquid component of blood is given to the patient.

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Blood Typing

The process of identifying the blood type of an animal.

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DEA 1 Antigen

Antigen found on the surface of red blood cells in dogs. The presence or absence of this antigen determines a dog's blood type.

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Immune Response to DEA 1 Positive Blood

The immune response that occurs when a dog with the DEA 1 negative blood type receives blood from a dog with the DEA 1 positive blood type.

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Coagulopathy

A condition where the body's ability to produce blood clotting factors is impaired.

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Neonatal Isoerythrolysis in Cats

A type of blood incompatibility in cats where kittens receiving colostrum from a mother with a different blood type can suffer from hemolysis.

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Mik Antigen

An additional red blood cell antigen found in most cats that can cause hemolytic transfusion reactions if a cat lacking the Mik antigen receives blood from a Mik antigen-positive donor.

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Equine Blood Types

A blood type system in horses with over 30 red blood cell factors, with the Ca antigen being particularly important.

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Neonatal Isoerythrolysis (NI) in Horses

A condition in foals where the blood type of the mare and foal differ, and the foal inherits the stallion's sensitizing red blood cell type, leading to hemolysis.

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DEA 1 Negative Dogs

A negative blood type in dogs that allows dogs with this blood type to be universal donors.

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Card Type Blood Typing

A blood typing method that uses cards or tubes with specific antibodies that react with the patient's blood to determine their blood type.

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Immunochromatography Blood Typing

A blood typing method that uses a strip with antibodies that react with the patient's blood to determine their blood type.

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Autoagglutination

A situation where a patient's blood cells clump together due to an immune response.

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Major crossmatch

A test that identifies the presence of antibodies in recipient plasma that react with donor red blood cells.

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Minor crossmatch

A test that identifies the presence of antibodies in recipient red blood cells that react with donor plasma.

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Crossmatch Grade 0

A crossmatch grade indicating no agglutination (clumping) of red blood cells.

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Crossmatch Grade 2+

A crossmatch grade indicating a few large agglutinates (clumps) mixed with smaller clumps of red blood cells.

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Autoagglutination Screen

A test to identify autoagglutination in recipient blood, which can hinder the accuracy of crossmatch results.

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Major Incompatibility

Incompatibility between donor and recipient blood that can lead to serious reactions during transfusion.

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Minor Incompatibility

Incompatibility between donor and recipient blood that can lead to a mild reaction during transfusion.

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Ideal Crossmatch

A type of crossmatch where the donor blood chosen is compatible by both major and minor crossmatch.

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What are universal donor dogs?

Dogs with DEA 1 negative blood are considered "universal donors" because they lack the DEA 1 antigen. This allows their blood to be safely transfused into most dogs without triggering a strong immune response.

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Why is cat blood typing essential?

Cats must be blood typed before transfusion because giving the wrong type can be fatal. This is due to the presence of A and B blood types, which can lead to a severe immune reaction when incompatible types are mixed.

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What happens in a major crossmatch?

A major crossmatch test involves mixing the donor's red blood cells with the recipient's plasma. This helps identify any antibodies in the recipient's plasma that could attack the donor's red blood cells during transfusion.

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What is the purpose of crossmatching?

Crossmatching is a crucial test to assess blood compatibility before a transfusion. It helps detect antibodies in the recipient's or donor's plasma that could lead to a transfusion reaction.

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What is given in a dog emergency if their blood type is unknown?

In an emergency, when a dog's blood type is unknown, DEA 1-negative blood can be given as a universal donor. This is because most dogs don't have antibodies against the DEA 1 antigen, minimizing the risk of a transfusion reaction.

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What happens in a minor crossmatch?

A minor crossmatch mixes donor plasma with recipient red blood cells. It aims to detect any antibodies in the donor's plasma that could potentially react with the recipient's blood cells.

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What are the limitations of crossmatching?

While crossmatching helps assess compatibility, it doesn't eliminate the possibility of transfusion reactions. It also doesn't prevent future sensitization to antigens, which could cause problems in future transfusions.

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When are dogs retested for blood typing?

Dogs that have received a transfusion within 4-5 days should be typed and crossmatched. This is because it takes time for the body to develop antibodies against antigens following a transfusion.

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Packed Red Blood Cells (pRBCs)

A blood product containing only red blood cells and a small amount of plasma, used to treat various anemias and reduce the risk of volume overload.

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Fresh Whole Blood

A blood product that is administered within 6 hours of donation, containing all coagulation factors, active platelets, and plasma proteins, suitable for acute hemorrhage and anemic patients with coagulopathy.

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Stored Whole Blood

Whole blood that has been stored for more than 6 hours, lacking active platelets and some coagulation factors, used for acute hemorrhage in animals with coagulopathy or hypoproteinemia.

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Component Therapy

A method of using individual blood components instead of whole blood, minimizing the risk of antigen exposure and maximizing the number of patients treated per donation.

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Red Cell Extenders

A type of blood product used to enhance red cell storage life to 42 days by preventing cell damage.

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Study Notes

Major Learning Goals: VETM 5291: Transfusion Medicine

  • List characteristics of a good blood donor and calculate maximum donation volume.
  • List red blood cell transfusion triggers in dogs, cats, and horses.
  • Identify important blood groups in dogs, cats, and horses and how they affect transfusion decisions.
  • Interpret blood typing tests for dogs and cats.
  • Understand indications for crossmatching blood (major and minor crossmatch) and interpretation of crossmatch results.
  • Identify different types of transfusion reactions and strategies for avoidance and monitoring.

Blood Products

  • Blood products are used to treat anemia, coagulopathy, and hypoproteinemia.
  • Common products include fresh whole blood, packed red blood cells (pRBCs), and plasma.
  • Product selection depends on the animal's needs (e.g., RBCs for anemia, fresh whole blood for multiple needs).
  • Blood banking is well developed for dogs and cats, with readily available products.
  • Local donors are often used for animals requiring infrequent transfusions.

Donor Characteristics

  • Ideal donors are healthy, young, fit animals that haven't received previous transfusions.
  • Potential donors should be screened for health, blood type, and potential pathogens.
  • Dogs: DEA 1 negative are "universal donors."
  • Cats: A and B type donors are needed, as they must receive type specific blood.

Recipient Characteristics

  • Transfusion triggers depend on patient circumstances.
  • Oxygen delivery to tissues is maximized in hematocrits of 30-40%.
  • Low hematocrits (as low as 18%) are safe in healthy normovolemic patients.
  • Clinicians should consider ongoing blood loss, chronicity of anemia, and other concurrent illness.
  • Patients with acute anemia (e.g., IMHA, hemorrhage) require higher PCV transfusions than chronic anemia patients.

Blood Typing

  • Canine Blood Types: DEA 1 antigen is the most significant.
  • Majority of dogs are DEA 1 positive.
  • DEA 1 negative dogs are considered "universal donors.".
  • Testing for other antigens (DEA 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, and 8, Kai1, Kai 2, and Dal antigen) is also important, but not commonly routinely tested.
  • Feline Blood Types: Cats have A, B, or AB types with type A being overwhelmingly common.
  • Type B cats have naturally occurring anti-A antibodies.
  • Type A cats may have weak anti-B antibodies.
  • A-B mismatches result in immediate, potentially fatal reaction.

Crossmatching

  • Crossmatching detects anti-RBC antibodies in donor or recipient plasma.
  • Essential in determining compatibility between donor and recipient blood.
  • Major and minor crossmatches assess donor RBCs with recipient plasma and vice versa.
  • Grades of agglutination in crossmatches are used to classify compatibility.
  • Ideal match is no agglutination (grade 0).

Blood Product Administration and Monitoring

  • Administration of blood should be slow, with thorough monitoring to identify any reactions.
  • Reactions (e.g., hemolytic, allergic, febrile) may occur.
  • Proper handling and storage of blood products is crucial to avoid bacterial contamination and product degradation.
  • Monitor for signs of transfusion reactions (e.g., fever, dyspnea, hypotension).
  • Take baseline vital signs and re-evaluate periodically.

Transfusion Reactions

  • Four major classes: acute immunologic, delayed immunologic, acute non-immunologic, and delayed non-immunologic.
  • Acute immunologic: Antibodies and complement attack donor RBCs causing hemolysis (e.g., fever, hypotension, hemoglobinuria).
  • Delayed immunologic: Immune-mediated reactions to blood factors (e.g., previous sensitization may occur).
  • Acute non-immunologic: Reactions related to handling, administration, or metabolic changes (e.g., febrile reactions, circulatory overload).
  • Delayed non-immunologic: Infections or blood product complications (e.g., blood-borne infections).

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VETM 5291: Transfusion Medicine PDF

Description

Test your knowledge on the key concepts of blood donation in veterinary medicine. This quiz covers topics such as ideal blood volumes, donor characteristics, and transfusion triggers for animals. Perfect for vet students and animal health professionals!

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