Podcast
Questions and Answers
What is a primary function of the neocortex in larger brains?
What is a primary function of the neocortex in larger brains?
What characterizes the tool use of advanced primates?
What characterizes the tool use of advanced primates?
Which evolutionary change reflects a shift in diet among certain primates?
Which evolutionary change reflects a shift in diet among certain primates?
How are social structures among advanced primates described?
How are social structures among advanced primates described?
Signup and view all the answers
Which of the following is NOT a key evolutionary event explaining different animal lineages?
Which of the following is NOT a key evolutionary event explaining different animal lineages?
Signup and view all the answers
Which feature distinguishes eutherians from marsupials?
Which feature distinguishes eutherians from marsupials?
Signup and view all the answers
Which characteristic is specific to primates?
Which characteristic is specific to primates?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the primary function of the placenta in eutherians?
What is the primary function of the placenta in eutherians?
Signup and view all the answers
What is a defining characteristic of monotremes?
What is a defining characteristic of monotremes?
Signup and view all the answers
Which of the following mammals typically has the longest gestation period?
Which of the following mammals typically has the longest gestation period?
Signup and view all the answers
Which of these traits is not found in all primates?
Which of these traits is not found in all primates?
Signup and view all the answers
Which description accurately defines marsupials?
Which description accurately defines marsupials?
Signup and view all the answers
What benefit does the fat layer provide in mammals?
What benefit does the fat layer provide in mammals?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the function of the notochord in chordates?
What is the function of the notochord in chordates?
Signup and view all the answers
Where is the dorsal hollow nerve cord located in chordates?
Where is the dorsal hollow nerve cord located in chordates?
Signup and view all the answers
Which of the following best describes pharyngeal slits in chordates?
Which of the following best describes pharyngeal slits in chordates?
Signup and view all the answers
Which derived trait of chordates is replaced by the vertebral column in adult vertebrates?
Which derived trait of chordates is replaced by the vertebral column in adult vertebrates?
Signup and view all the answers
The dorsal hollow nerve cord is primarily responsible for the development of which systems in vertebrates?
The dorsal hollow nerve cord is primarily responsible for the development of which systems in vertebrates?
Signup and view all the answers
Which characteristic is NOT a derived trait of chordates?
Which characteristic is NOT a derived trait of chordates?
Signup and view all the answers
What does the term 'deuterostomes' refer to in relation to chordates?
What does the term 'deuterostomes' refer to in relation to chordates?
Signup and view all the answers
What structure of chordates develops from an infolding of ectoderm?
What structure of chordates develops from an infolding of ectoderm?
Signup and view all the answers
Which feature is NOT characteristic of amphibians?
Which feature is NOT characteristic of amphibians?
Signup and view all the answers
What is a key difference between amniotes and amphibians regarding their eggs?
What is a key difference between amniotes and amphibians regarding their eggs?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the function of the ampullae of Lorenzini in fish?
What is the function of the ampullae of Lorenzini in fish?
Signup and view all the answers
Which of the following is a feature of reptiles as amniotes?
Which of the following is a feature of reptiles as amniotes?
Signup and view all the answers
Which of the following features is characteristic of bony fish (Osteichthyans)?
Which of the following features is characteristic of bony fish (Osteichthyans)?
Signup and view all the answers
Which characteristic is unique to mammals among amniotes?
Which characteristic is unique to mammals among amniotes?
Signup and view all the answers
Which lineage of Osteichthyans includes ray-finned fish?
Which lineage of Osteichthyans includes ray-finned fish?
Signup and view all the answers
What adaptation allows tetrapods to breathe air?
What adaptation allows tetrapods to breathe air?
Signup and view all the answers
What is one main reproductive feature of reptiles?
What is one main reproductive feature of reptiles?
Signup and view all the answers
What adaptation allows mammals to thrive in various environments?
What adaptation allows mammals to thrive in various environments?
Signup and view all the answers
Which of the following is NOT a derived trait of tetrapods?
Which of the following is NOT a derived trait of tetrapods?
Signup and view all the answers
Which adaptation in mammals enhances their hearing capabilities?
Which adaptation in mammals enhances their hearing capabilities?
Signup and view all the answers
What do placoid scales provide for fish?
What do placoid scales provide for fish?
Signup and view all the answers
Which structure in Osteichthyans serves as a bony cover for the gills?
Which structure in Osteichthyans serves as a bony cover for the gills?
Signup and view all the answers
Which characteristic is NOT found in amniotes?
Which characteristic is NOT found in amniotes?
Signup and view all the answers
What distinguishes lobe-finned fish from ray-finned fish?
What distinguishes lobe-finned fish from ray-finned fish?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the primary function of the post-anal tail in aquatic species?
What is the primary function of the post-anal tail in aquatic species?
Signup and view all the answers
Which feature distinguishes vertebrates from other chordates?
Which feature distinguishes vertebrates from other chordates?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the role of the neural crest in vertebrates?
What is the role of the neural crest in vertebrates?
Signup and view all the answers
Which characteristic is NOT associated with gnathostomes?
Which characteristic is NOT associated with gnathostomes?
Signup and view all the answers
What primarily makes up the vertebral column in vertebrates?
What primarily makes up the vertebral column in vertebrates?
Signup and view all the answers
Which group indicates the evolution of jaws from modified structures?
Which group indicates the evolution of jaws from modified structures?
Signup and view all the answers
What type of circulatory system do vertebrates typically have?
What type of circulatory system do vertebrates typically have?
Signup and view all the answers
Which of the following statements about chondrichthyes is correct?
Which of the following statements about chondrichthyes is correct?
Signup and view all the answers
Study Notes
Vertebrate Origins and Evolution
-
Most animal life is invertebrates
-
Animals are grouped by developmental patterns and features
-
Chordates are deuterostomes
-
Chordates have four key characteristics:
- Notochord: Flexible rod-like structure made of mesoderm cells, runs along dorsal side below nerve cord and above digestive tract. Provides structural support and serves as the axis for muscle attachment. Replaced by vertebral column in vertebrates
- Dorsal Hollow Nerve Cord: Tube-like, hollow structure running along the back (dorsal side). Forms from infolding ectoderm, positioned above notochord. Develops into brain & spinal cord in vertebrates.
- Pharyngeal Slits or Clefts: Openings or grooves in the pharynx (region behind mouth). Forms during embryonic development. Gills for respiration in aquatic species. Restructured into other structures like ear and throat in terrestrial chordates.
- Post-anal Tail: Extension of body beyond the anus, composed of muscles and skeletal elements. Positioned at the rear of the body, posterior to anus. Provides propulsion in aquatic species, balance, signaling or other roles in terrestrial species. Reduced or vestigial in some adult vertebrates (e.g., "tail bone" in humans)
-
Vertebrates:
- Vertebral column (spine): Backbone made of vertebrae that surrounds and protects the spinal column (takes over the role of the notochord)
- Endoskeleton: Internal skeleton, made of bone or cartilage.
- Cranium(Skull): Protective structure for the brain.
- Complex Nervous System: Well-developed brain & spinal cord
- Closed Circulatory System: Blood circulates through vessels, typically with a heart.
- Neural Crest: Unique vertebrate cell cluster that contributes to various structures (nervous system, skull, and heart).
-
Hagfishes and Lampreys: Lack jaws, rudimentary backbone of cartilage, not bone.
-
Chondrichthyes (sharks, rays, and relatives): Cartilaginous skeleton (cartilage, calcified in areas like jaws & vertebrae); paired fins for stability and mobility; males with claspers for sperm transfer; placoid scales for water resistance and protection; gills with 5–7 slits along sides of head. Electroreception via ampullae of Lorenzini.
-
Osteichthyans (bony fish): Bony skeleton; swim bladder for buoyancy (some have lungs instead of swim bladders); covered in cycloid or ctenoid scales (for protection and reduction of drag); operculum (bony gill cover) for protection and respiration; paired fins for balance/movement.
-
Actinopterygii (ray-finned fishes): Thin, flexible rays support fins for swimming; swim bladder; streamlined bony skeleton.
-
Actinistia (coelacanths): Fleshy, lobed fins with central bone structure at base; some may have lungs in addition to gills; more robust, bony skeleton
-
Dipnoi (lungfishes): Fleshy, lobed fins with central bone structure; some have lungs in addition to gills; robust, bony skeleton
-
Tetrapods: Four limbs with digits that replaced lobed fins; lungs for respiration (many); developed necks which enable independent head movement; stronger skeleton.
-
Amphibians: Moist skin for gas exchange and moisture retention; metamorphic life cycle (aquatic larva to terrestrial adult); ectothermic (cold-blooded); simple lungs, some retain gills.
-
Amniotes: Shelled amniotic eggs that prevent water loss (a trait retained by most reptiles):
- Reptiles: Scaly skin (waterproof); internal fertilization; ectothermic (some exceptions); well-developed lungs; often have clawed limbs suited for diverse locomotion from terrestrial to aquatic environments
- Mammals: Hair/fur to regulate temperature; mammary glands for lactation; endothermic (warm-blooded); live births (except for monotremes); complex dentition; complex brain, especially neocortex; advanced kidneys for water conservation and urea excretion; subcutaneous fat layer; extended prenatal care.
-
Monotremes: Lay eggs; have hair but no nipples; young suck milk from fur
-
Marsupials: Viviparous; immature young undergo further development in pouches on mother's abdomen; have simple placenta, simpler than that of eutherians
-
Eutherians (Placental): Extended pregnancy allows for more developed offspring; have placentas for nutrient exchange with mother; give birth to live young; no pouches; advanced organ systems.
-
primates
- Grasping hands/feet
- Foreward facing eyes
- Large brains
- Flexible limbs
- Adaptive social behavior and dependence to offspring
-
Humans
- Bipedalism
- Larger brains (large neocortex) for complex thought, problem-solving, and reasoning
- Complex language for communication
- Advanced tool use
- Reduced jaw and teeth size.
Additional Information
- Not all chordates are vertebrates.
- Common ancestors of vertebrates.
- Key evolutionary events in animal lineages.
- Reading for Next Class: Population Ecology, and Community Ecology
Studying That Suits You
Use AI to generate personalized quizzes and flashcards to suit your learning preferences.
Related Documents
Description
Explore the fascinating world of vertebrate origins and evolution in this quiz. Learn about the key characteristics that define chordates, including the notochord, dorsal hollow nerve cord, pharyngeal slits, and post-anal tail. Test your knowledge of how these features contribute to the development and classification of animals.
