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Questions and Answers
Which feature is characteristic of all Chordates?
Which feature is characteristic of all Chordates?
In which subphylum of Chordata is the notochord retained in the adult?
In which subphylum of Chordata is the notochord retained in the adult?
What does the dorsal, hollow nerve cord develop into in vertebrates?
What does the dorsal, hollow nerve cord develop into in vertebrates?
What type of body plan do Chordates exhibit?
What type of body plan do Chordates exhibit?
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Which characteristic distinguishes deuterostomes from protostomes?
Which characteristic distinguishes deuterostomes from protostomes?
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Which of the following is a common characteristic of amphibians?
Which of the following is a common characteristic of amphibians?
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What distinguishes reptiles from amphibians?
What distinguishes reptiles from amphibians?
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Which structure is NOT associated with the amniotic egg?
Which structure is NOT associated with the amniotic egg?
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Which of these animals is classified as a mammal?
Which of these animals is classified as a mammal?
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What feature is unique to birds compared to reptiles and mammals?
What feature is unique to birds compared to reptiles and mammals?
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What type of respiration is primarily associated with reptiles?
What type of respiration is primarily associated with reptiles?
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Which of the following features is characteristic of mammals?
Which of the following features is characteristic of mammals?
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Which of the following animals is known to have lungs and can perform cutaneous respiration?
Which of the following animals is known to have lungs and can perform cutaneous respiration?
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What structure is commonly found in tunicate larvae but not in adult tunicates?
What structure is commonly found in tunicate larvae but not in adult tunicates?
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Which of the following is not a characteristic of vertebrates?
Which of the following is not a characteristic of vertebrates?
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Which class of vertebrates is known for being jawless?
Which class of vertebrates is known for being jawless?
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In tunicates, where does water flow after entering through the incurrent siphon?
In tunicates, where does water flow after entering through the incurrent siphon?
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Which feature was a crucial evolutionary development for fish?
Which feature was a crucial evolutionary development for fish?
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What structure is associated with the function of movement in tunicates?
What structure is associated with the function of movement in tunicates?
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Which characteristic distinguishes jawed fish from jawless fish?
Which characteristic distinguishes jawed fish from jawless fish?
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What type of circulatory system do vertebrates have?
What type of circulatory system do vertebrates have?
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What does the term 'oviparous' refer to?
What does the term 'oviparous' refer to?
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Which of the following structures is NOT present in chordates?
Which of the following structures is NOT present in chordates?
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Which characteristic differentiates gnathostomes from other vertebrates?
Which characteristic differentiates gnathostomes from other vertebrates?
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How do echinoderms primarily achieve locomotion?
How do echinoderms primarily achieve locomotion?
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What is a defining feature of tetrapods?
What is a defining feature of tetrapods?
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Which of the following correctly describes the symmetry of adults in echinoderms?
Which of the following correctly describes the symmetry of adults in echinoderms?
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Which of these groups includes vertebrates that possess lungs or lung derivatives?
Which of these groups includes vertebrates that possess lungs or lung derivatives?
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Which of the following describes the endoskeletons of chordates?
Which of the following describes the endoskeletons of chordates?
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Which subclass of fishes possesses a cartilaginous skeleton?
Which subclass of fishes possesses a cartilaginous skeleton?
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What feature distinguishes lobe-finned fishes from ray-finned fishes?
What feature distinguishes lobe-finned fishes from ray-finned fishes?
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What is a defining characteristic of the subclass Myxini?
What is a defining characteristic of the subclass Myxini?
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Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of the Actinistia subclass?
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of the Actinistia subclass?
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The discovery of which 'fishapod' has provided significant insight into the evolution of amphibians?
The discovery of which 'fishapod' has provided significant insight into the evolution of amphibians?
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Which of the following correctly lists a character of tetrapods compared to fishes?
Which of the following correctly lists a character of tetrapods compared to fishes?
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What adaptation allows for a streamlined body in Chondrichthyes?
What adaptation allows for a streamlined body in Chondrichthyes?
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Which subclass of fishes includes both ray-finned and lobe-finned fishes?
Which subclass of fishes includes both ray-finned and lobe-finned fishes?
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What adaptation of the Tiktaalik was significant for terrestrial life?
What adaptation of the Tiktaalik was significant for terrestrial life?
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Which classification does a lamprey belong to?
Which classification does a lamprey belong to?
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Study Notes
Phylogeny of Chordates
- Chordates are bilaterally symmetrical, have true endoskeletons to which muscles are attached, move by muscles attached to bones, have a nerve cord, notochord, pharyngeal gill slits, and a post anal tail
- Echinoderms are pentaradial, have calcareous plates embedded in their skin for muscle attachment, move by tube feet, and lack the chordate features
- Chordates evolved from ancestral deuterostomes
- Vertebrates are chordates with vertebral columns
- Gnathostomes are vertebrates that have jaws and mineralized skeletons
- Osteichthyans are gnathostomes with lungs or lung derivatives
Evolution of Jaws
- The first vertebrates were jawless fish
- Jawed fish evolved from jawless fish
Fish Classes
- Fish are vertebrates with vertebral columns, jaws, paired appendages, internal gills, and efficient blood circulation
- Fish classes include Myxini (hagfish), Petromyzontida (lampreys), Chondrichthyes (cartilaginous fish), Actinopterygii (ray-finned fish), Actinistia (lobe-finned fish), and Dipnoi (lungfish)
Hagfish
- Hagfish belong to the class Myxini
- Hagfish have slime glands
Lampreys
- Lampreys belong to the class Petromyzontida (also called Cephalaspidomorphi)
Chondrichthyes
- Chondrichthyes have improved jaws, cartilaginous skeletons, streamlined bodies, teeth, and lateral line sense organs
Osteichthyes
- Osteichthyes have bony skeletons
- Actinopterygii (ray-finned fish) have fins with parallel thin bony rays and no muscle allowing them to move the fins independently of one another
- Sarcopterygii (lobe-finned fish) have long muscular lobes supported by bones allowing them to move the fins independently of one another
- Actinistia (lobe-finned fish) are coelacanths
- Dipnoi (lungfish) are lobe-finned with lungs
Tiktaalik
- Tiktaalik is a transitional fossil nicknamed the fishapod
- Tiktaalik had fish-like features such as scales, fins, and gills, but also had tetrapod-like features such as a neck, ribs, a flat skull, and eyes on top of its skull
Amphibians
- Amphibians are tetrapods with legs, lungs, and cutaneous respiration, containing pulmonary veins, a divided heart, and two circuits (pulmonary and systemic)
- Frogs and toads have smooth, moist skin or dry skin, long hind legs, no tails, teeth, external fertilization, and tadpole larvae
- Salamanders have smooth, moist skin, four legs, long tails, teeth, internal fertilization, and axolotl larvae
- Caecilians have smooth, moist skin, no legs, small or absent tails, teeth, internal fertilization, and the majority are viviparous
Reptiles
- Reptiles have dry skin, thoracic breathing, amniotic eggs, internal fertilization, and more efficient circulatory systems
- The key innovation of the amniotic egg is extraembryonic membranes including the chorion, allantois, amnion, and yolk sac
Birds
- Birds evolved from bipedal dinosaurs
- Birds have feathers, skeletons, air sacs, efficient circulation, endothermy, and specialized wings
- Features of feathers include the shaft, vane, barbs, and barbules
Mammals
- Mammals have hair, mammary glands, endothermy, efficient circulation, efficient respiration, placentas, specialized teeth, and hooves or horns
Bats
- Bats are flying mammals
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Description
Explore the fascinating evolution and classification of chordates and fish in this quiz. Examine the key features, evolutionary stages, and differences among chordates, including the emergence of jaws in vertebrates. Test your knowledge on the various classes of fish and their unique characteristics.
