Vertebrate Anatomy: Skeletal System and Bone Formation
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Questions and Answers

What is the term for the process by which cartilage is removed and replaced with bone?

  • Epiphyseal plate growth
  • Diaphyseal bone remodelling
  • Endochondral ossification (correct)
  • Intramembranous bone formation

    • What is the name of the section of a long bone where bone growth begins?

  • Metaphysis
  • Diaphysis
  • Primary growth centre (correct)
  • Epiphysis

    • At what stage of development do most bones start as cartilage?

  • Embryonic development
  • Fetal development (correct)
  • Infancy development
  • Neonatal development

    • What is the term for the sections at the ends of long bones?

    <p>Epiphysis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the outcome of full skeletal maturity?

    <p>Growth plates/epiphyseal plates ossify</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What determines the age at which full ossification occurs?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a risk associated with repetitive exercise?

    <p>Risk of damaging growth plates</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the correct order of bone formation during endochondral bone formation?

    <p>3 day old pup &gt; 26 day old pup &gt; 62 day old pup &gt; adult</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of internal fixation devices in bone healing?

    <p>To reduce the fracture and keep it in place</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of osteoblasts in fracture healing?

    <p>To form a callus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of external fixation devices in bone healing?

    <p>To immobilize the fracture</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of lack of stability during bone healing?

    <p>Delayed healing and a larger callus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the correct sequence of events during fracture healing?

    <p>Haemorrhage occurs, clot forms, callus forms</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the final step in the fracture healing process?

    <p>Remodeling of the bone</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of cartilage in the skeletal system?

    <p>To facilitate movement between bones</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of joint is characterized by the presence of a joint cavity and freely movable bones?

    <p>Synovial joint</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term used to describe the study of joints?

    <p>Arthrology</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of joint is held together by fibrous connective tissue and is immovable?

    <p>Fibrous joint</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term used to describe the smooth, bony surfaces that come together to form freely movable joints?

    <p>Articular surfaces</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of joint is characterized by the presence of cartilage and allows for slightly movable movement?

    <p>Cartilaginous joint</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term used to describe the fluid that lubricates joints and reduces friction?

    <p>Synovial fluid</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of joint is an example of a fibrous joint?

    <p>Skull bones</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main reason why cartilage healing is limited?

    <p>Lack of blood supply</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of synovial fluid in a joint?

    <p>To reduce friction and facilitate movement</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of a 'joint tap'?

    <p>To sample synovial fluid for examination and analysis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the consistency of synovial fluid?

    <p>Thick and viscous, similar to oil</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common painful issue in pets that can occur when cartilage is diseased?

    <p>Osteoarthritis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of joint is characterized by the presence of synovial fluid?

    <p>Synovial joint</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of articular cartilage in synovial joints?

    <p>To act as a cushion and reduce friction between joints</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of juvenile pubic symphysiodesis in dogs?

    <p>External rotation of the hip joint to provide a better fit</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the common feature of synovial joints?

    <p>Fibrous joint capsule containing synovial fluid</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of cartilage in embryonic development?

    <p>It forms the framework of most bones, which are later replaced by bone</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the consequence of cartilage damage?

    <p>Reduced flexibility in the affected joint</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic of cartilage?

    <p>It is a tough and flexible tissue</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of synovial fluid in synovial joints?

    <p>To reduce friction and facilitate smooth movement between joints</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the type of joint that allows for rotation around a single axis?

    <p>Pivot joint</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary characteristic of fibrous joints?

    <p>They are immovable.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term used to describe the study of joints?

    <p>Arthrology</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of joint is characterized by the presence of cartilage and allows for slightly movable movement?

    <p>Cartilaginous joint</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term used to describe the smooth, bony surfaces that come together to form freely movable joints?

    <p>Articular surfaces</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the type of joint that is an example of a fibrous joint?

    <p>Skull bones</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of synovial fluid in a joint?

    <p>To lubricate the joint and reduce friction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic of cartilaginous joints?

    <p>They allow for slightly movable movement.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term used to describe the fluid that lubricates joints and reduces friction?

    <p>Synovial fluid</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of cartilage in the skeletal system?

    <p>To provide structural support and cushioning</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main reason why cartilage healing is limited?

    <p>Lack of blood supply</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of a 'joint tap'?

    <p>To sample synovial fluid for examination</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic of synovial fluid?

    <p>Thick and viscous</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common painful issue in pets that can occur when cartilage is diseased?

    <p>Osteoarthritis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of joint is characterized by the presence of synovial fluid?

    <p>Synovial joint</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of articular cartilage in synovial joints?

    <p>To reduce friction and act as a cushion between joints</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of juvenile pubic symphysiodesis in dogs?

    <p>It halts bone development from the growth plate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic of cartilage?

    <p>It is a tough yet flexible support</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens when cartilage is damaged?

    <p>The outcome is limited healing</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of synovial fluid in synovial joints?

    <p>To reduce friction and lubricate joints</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the common feature of synovial joints?

    <p>They are characterized by the presence of cartilage and synovial fluid</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of cartilage in embryonic development?

    <p>Most bones are first formed as cartilage and later replaced as bone</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of joint is characterized by the presence of synovial fluid?

    <p>Synovial joint</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Bone Formation and Growth

    • Bone formation occurs in two ways: Endochondral (Cartilage) bone formation and Intramembranous (Intraosseous) bone formation
    • Endochondral bone formation:
      • Majority of bone formation
      • Most bones start as cartilage in the fetus
      • Long bone formation begins in the primary growth centre in diaphysis and radiates outwards
      • Cartilage is removed gradually as bone is created
      • Additional secondary growth centres develop in the epiphysis of bone (the ends)
    • At birth, most cartilage has been replaced by bone
    • Only growth plates/epiphyseal plates remain as cartilage
    • These allow long bone growth
    • Full skeletal maturity: epiphyseal plates ossify

    Intramembranous Bone Formation

    • Bone forms from fibrous membranes covering the brain in the developing fetus
    • Only occurs in certain skull bones, mandible, and clavicle (not in dogs and cats)
    • This creates bones of the cranium which surround the brain
    • Why might we want these bones to ossify earlier than the rest of the skeleton?

    Bone Healing

    • Bones are one of the best healing tissues in the body
    • Fractures (breaks) can occur in any bones but are most common in long bones
    • Three factors necessary for optimal healing:
      • Alignment
      • Immobilisation
      • Time

    Bone Healing - Alignment

    • Alignment is also known as “reduction” of a fracture (or “fx”)
    • Fractured ends must be brought together in reasonable alignment and kept from moving apart during the healing process
    • Internal and external devices (such as plates, pins, and screws implanted during surgery) are used to reduce a fx

    Bone Healing - Immobilisation

    • Also called “fixation” of a fracture
    • Achieved through internal fixtures and external fixtures – pins, plates, screws, and splints, casts
    • Length of time external fixators are in place depends on species, age, activity level – all affect healing time

    Fracture Healing

    • Bones have a large blood supply – this results in a large amount of bleeding (haemorrhage) when a fracture occurs
    • A clot is formed – known as the fracture haematoma
    • Osteoblasts form healing tissue known as a callus
    • First a fibrocartilage/soft callus followed by a bony/hard callus
    • Callus bridges the fracture gap – the size of the callus indicates how much movement has occurred during healing
    • Remodeling occurs after callus has formed and fracture has stabilised

    Joints

    • Joints are the junctions between bones, which can be immovable, slightly movable, or freely movable.
    • Joint terminology:
      • Arthro- and Articular- refer to joints.
      • Arthrology is the study of joints.
      • Articular surfaces are smooth, bony surfaces that come together to form freely movable joints.

    Types of Joints

    • Fibrous Joints:
      • Immoveable joints with no joint cavity.
      • Held together by fibrous connective tissue (ligaments, tendons).
      • Examples: skull bones (sutures), mandible bone to tooth (gomphosis joint).
    • Cartilaginous Joints:
      • Joints held together with cartilage.
      • Allow more movement between bones than fibrous joints but less than synovial joints.
      • Examples: vertebral discs, pubic symphysis, mandibular symphysis.
    • Synovial Joints:
      • Freely movable joints.
      • Articular cartilage covers the ends of bones.
      • Have a fibrous joint capsule containing synovial fluid.
      • Ligaments reinforce and stabilize the joint.
      • Examples: hinge, gliding, pivot, and ball and socket joints.

    Cartilage

    • Found in: larynx, trachea, bronchi, flexible portions of nose, external ear, and connects ribs to sternum.
    • Functions:
      • Provides tough yet flexible support.
      • Reduces friction and acts as a cushion between joints.
      • Helps support weight during movement.
      • Important in embryonic development (most bones are first formed as cartilage and later replaced as bone).
    • When damaged, cartilage has limited healing ability due to lack of direct blood supply, leading to issues like osteoarthritis.

    Synovial Fluid

    • Found in synovial joints.
    • Helps to minimize friction in the joint and allow for free movement.
    • Has a thick, viscous consistency similar to oil.
    • Can be sampled through a "joint tap" for examination and analysis.

    Joints

    • Joints are the junctions between bones, which can be immovable, slightly movable, or freely movable.
    • Joint terminology:
      • Arthro- and Articular- refer to joints.
      • Arthrology is the study of joints.
      • Articular surfaces are smooth, bony surfaces that come together to form freely movable joints.

    Types of Joints

    • Fibrous Joints:
      • Immoveable joints with no joint cavity.
      • Held together by fibrous connective tissue (ligaments, tendons).
      • Examples: skull bones (sutures), mandible bone to tooth (gomphosis joint).
    • Cartilaginous Joints:
      • Joints held together with cartilage.
      • Allow more movement between bones than fibrous joints but less than synovial joints.
      • Examples: vertebral discs, pubic symphysis, mandibular symphysis.
    • Synovial Joints:
      • Freely movable joints.
      • Articular cartilage covers the ends of bones.
      • Have a fibrous joint capsule containing synovial fluid.
      • Ligaments reinforce and stabilize the joint.
      • Examples: hinge, gliding, pivot, and ball and socket joints.

    Cartilage

    • Found in: larynx, trachea, bronchi, flexible portions of nose, external ear, and connects ribs to sternum.
    • Functions:
      • Provides tough yet flexible support.
      • Reduces friction and acts as a cushion between joints.
      • Helps support weight during movement.
      • Important in embryonic development (most bones are first formed as cartilage and later replaced as bone).
    • When damaged, cartilage has limited healing ability due to lack of direct blood supply, leading to issues like osteoarthritis.

    Synovial Fluid

    • Found in synovial joints.
    • Helps to minimize friction in the joint and allow for free movement.
    • Has a thick, viscous consistency similar to oil.
    • Can be sampled through a "joint tap" for examination and analysis.

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    Description

    This quiz covers the skeletal system, bone formation, growth, and healing. It reviews bone cells, types of bones, and functions of the skeletal system.

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