Vertebrate Anatomy: Skeletal System and Bone Formation
58 Questions
0 Views

Choose a study mode

Play Quiz
Study Flashcards
Spaced Repetition

Podcast

Play an AI-generated podcast conversation about this lesson

Questions and Answers

What is the term for the process by which cartilage is removed and replaced with bone?

  • Epiphyseal plate growth
  • Diaphyseal bone remodelling
  • Endochondral ossification (correct)
  • Intramembranous bone formation

    • What is the name of the section of a long bone where bone growth begins?

  • Metaphysis
  • Diaphysis
  • Primary growth centre (correct)
  • Epiphysis

    • At what stage of development do most bones start as cartilage?

  • Embryonic development
  • Fetal development (correct)
  • Infancy development
  • Neonatal development

    • What is the term for the sections at the ends of long bones?

    <p>Epiphysis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the outcome of full skeletal maturity?

    <p>Growth plates/epiphyseal plates ossify</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What determines the age at which full ossification occurs?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a risk associated with repetitive exercise?

    <p>Risk of damaging growth plates</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the correct order of bone formation during endochondral bone formation?

    <p>3 day old pup &gt; 26 day old pup &gt; 62 day old pup &gt; adult</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of internal fixation devices in bone healing?

    <p>To reduce the fracture and keep it in place</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of osteoblasts in fracture healing?

    <p>To form a callus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of external fixation devices in bone healing?

    <p>To immobilize the fracture</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of lack of stability during bone healing?

    <p>Delayed healing and a larger callus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the correct sequence of events during fracture healing?

    <p>Haemorrhage occurs, clot forms, callus forms</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the final step in the fracture healing process?

    <p>Remodeling of the bone</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of cartilage in the skeletal system?

    <p>To facilitate movement between bones</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of joint is characterized by the presence of a joint cavity and freely movable bones?

    <p>Synovial joint</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term used to describe the study of joints?

    <p>Arthrology</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of joint is held together by fibrous connective tissue and is immovable?

    <p>Fibrous joint</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term used to describe the smooth, bony surfaces that come together to form freely movable joints?

    <p>Articular surfaces</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of joint is characterized by the presence of cartilage and allows for slightly movable movement?

    <p>Cartilaginous joint</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term used to describe the fluid that lubricates joints and reduces friction?

    <p>Synovial fluid</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of joint is an example of a fibrous joint?

    <p>Skull bones</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main reason why cartilage healing is limited?

    <p>Lack of blood supply</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of synovial fluid in a joint?

    <p>To reduce friction and facilitate movement</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of a 'joint tap'?

    <p>To sample synovial fluid for examination and analysis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the consistency of synovial fluid?

    <p>Thick and viscous, similar to oil</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common painful issue in pets that can occur when cartilage is diseased?

    <p>Osteoarthritis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of joint is characterized by the presence of synovial fluid?

    <p>Synovial joint</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of articular cartilage in synovial joints?

    <p>To act as a cushion and reduce friction between joints</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of juvenile pubic symphysiodesis in dogs?

    <p>External rotation of the hip joint to provide a better fit</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the common feature of synovial joints?

    <p>Fibrous joint capsule containing synovial fluid</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of cartilage in embryonic development?

    <p>It forms the framework of most bones, which are later replaced by bone</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the consequence of cartilage damage?

    <p>Reduced flexibility in the affected joint</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic of cartilage?

    <p>It is a tough and flexible tissue</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of synovial fluid in synovial joints?

    <p>To reduce friction and facilitate smooth movement between joints</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the type of joint that allows for rotation around a single axis?

    <p>Pivot joint</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary characteristic of fibrous joints?

    <p>They are immovable.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term used to describe the study of joints?

    <p>Arthrology</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of joint is characterized by the presence of cartilage and allows for slightly movable movement?

    <p>Cartilaginous joint</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term used to describe the smooth, bony surfaces that come together to form freely movable joints?

    <p>Articular surfaces</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the type of joint that is an example of a fibrous joint?

    <p>Skull bones</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of synovial fluid in a joint?

    <p>To lubricate the joint and reduce friction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic of cartilaginous joints?

    <p>They allow for slightly movable movement.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term used to describe the fluid that lubricates joints and reduces friction?

    <p>Synovial fluid</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of cartilage in the skeletal system?

    <p>To provide structural support and cushioning</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main reason why cartilage healing is limited?

    <p>Lack of blood supply</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of a 'joint tap'?

    <p>To sample synovial fluid for examination</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic of synovial fluid?

    <p>Thick and viscous</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common painful issue in pets that can occur when cartilage is diseased?

    <p>Osteoarthritis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of joint is characterized by the presence of synovial fluid?

    <p>Synovial joint</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of articular cartilage in synovial joints?

    <p>To reduce friction and act as a cushion between joints</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of juvenile pubic symphysiodesis in dogs?

    <p>It halts bone development from the growth plate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic of cartilage?

    <p>It is a tough yet flexible support</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens when cartilage is damaged?

    <p>The outcome is limited healing</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of synovial fluid in synovial joints?

    <p>To reduce friction and lubricate joints</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the common feature of synovial joints?

    <p>They are characterized by the presence of cartilage and synovial fluid</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of cartilage in embryonic development?

    <p>Most bones are first formed as cartilage and later replaced as bone</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of joint is characterized by the presence of synovial fluid?

    <p>Synovial joint</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Bone Formation and Growth

    • Bone formation occurs in two ways: Endochondral (Cartilage) bone formation and Intramembranous (Intraosseous) bone formation
    • Endochondral bone formation:
      • Majority of bone formation
      • Most bones start as cartilage in the fetus
      • Long bone formation begins in the primary growth centre in diaphysis and radiates outwards
      • Cartilage is removed gradually as bone is created
      • Additional secondary growth centres develop in the epiphysis of bone (the ends)
    • At birth, most cartilage has been replaced by bone
    • Only growth plates/epiphyseal plates remain as cartilage
    • These allow long bone growth
    • Full skeletal maturity: epiphyseal plates ossify

    Intramembranous Bone Formation

    • Bone forms from fibrous membranes covering the brain in the developing fetus
    • Only occurs in certain skull bones, mandible, and clavicle (not in dogs and cats)
    • This creates bones of the cranium which surround the brain
    • Why might we want these bones to ossify earlier than the rest of the skeleton?

    Bone Healing

    • Bones are one of the best healing tissues in the body
    • Fractures (breaks) can occur in any bones but are most common in long bones
    • Three factors necessary for optimal healing:
      • Alignment
      • Immobilisation
      • Time

    Bone Healing - Alignment

    • Alignment is also known as “reduction” of a fracture (or “fx”)
    • Fractured ends must be brought together in reasonable alignment and kept from moving apart during the healing process
    • Internal and external devices (such as plates, pins, and screws implanted during surgery) are used to reduce a fx

    Bone Healing - Immobilisation

    • Also called “fixation” of a fracture
    • Achieved through internal fixtures and external fixtures – pins, plates, screws, and splints, casts
    • Length of time external fixators are in place depends on species, age, activity level – all affect healing time

    Fracture Healing

    • Bones have a large blood supply – this results in a large amount of bleeding (haemorrhage) when a fracture occurs
    • A clot is formed – known as the fracture haematoma
    • Osteoblasts form healing tissue known as a callus
    • First a fibrocartilage/soft callus followed by a bony/hard callus
    • Callus bridges the fracture gap – the size of the callus indicates how much movement has occurred during healing
    • Remodeling occurs after callus has formed and fracture has stabilised

    Joints

    • Joints are the junctions between bones, which can be immovable, slightly movable, or freely movable.
    • Joint terminology:
      • Arthro- and Articular- refer to joints.
      • Arthrology is the study of joints.
      • Articular surfaces are smooth, bony surfaces that come together to form freely movable joints.

    Types of Joints

    • Fibrous Joints:
      • Immoveable joints with no joint cavity.
      • Held together by fibrous connective tissue (ligaments, tendons).
      • Examples: skull bones (sutures), mandible bone to tooth (gomphosis joint).
    • Cartilaginous Joints:
      • Joints held together with cartilage.
      • Allow more movement between bones than fibrous joints but less than synovial joints.
      • Examples: vertebral discs, pubic symphysis, mandibular symphysis.
    • Synovial Joints:
      • Freely movable joints.
      • Articular cartilage covers the ends of bones.
      • Have a fibrous joint capsule containing synovial fluid.
      • Ligaments reinforce and stabilize the joint.
      • Examples: hinge, gliding, pivot, and ball and socket joints.

    Cartilage

    • Found in: larynx, trachea, bronchi, flexible portions of nose, external ear, and connects ribs to sternum.
    • Functions:
      • Provides tough yet flexible support.
      • Reduces friction and acts as a cushion between joints.
      • Helps support weight during movement.
      • Important in embryonic development (most bones are first formed as cartilage and later replaced as bone).
    • When damaged, cartilage has limited healing ability due to lack of direct blood supply, leading to issues like osteoarthritis.

    Synovial Fluid

    • Found in synovial joints.
    • Helps to minimize friction in the joint and allow for free movement.
    • Has a thick, viscous consistency similar to oil.
    • Can be sampled through a "joint tap" for examination and analysis.

    Joints

    • Joints are the junctions between bones, which can be immovable, slightly movable, or freely movable.
    • Joint terminology:
      • Arthro- and Articular- refer to joints.
      • Arthrology is the study of joints.
      • Articular surfaces are smooth, bony surfaces that come together to form freely movable joints.

    Types of Joints

    • Fibrous Joints:
      • Immoveable joints with no joint cavity.
      • Held together by fibrous connective tissue (ligaments, tendons).
      • Examples: skull bones (sutures), mandible bone to tooth (gomphosis joint).
    • Cartilaginous Joints:
      • Joints held together with cartilage.
      • Allow more movement between bones than fibrous joints but less than synovial joints.
      • Examples: vertebral discs, pubic symphysis, mandibular symphysis.
    • Synovial Joints:
      • Freely movable joints.
      • Articular cartilage covers the ends of bones.
      • Have a fibrous joint capsule containing synovial fluid.
      • Ligaments reinforce and stabilize the joint.
      • Examples: hinge, gliding, pivot, and ball and socket joints.

    Cartilage

    • Found in: larynx, trachea, bronchi, flexible portions of nose, external ear, and connects ribs to sternum.
    • Functions:
      • Provides tough yet flexible support.
      • Reduces friction and acts as a cushion between joints.
      • Helps support weight during movement.
      • Important in embryonic development (most bones are first formed as cartilage and later replaced as bone).
    • When damaged, cartilage has limited healing ability due to lack of direct blood supply, leading to issues like osteoarthritis.

    Synovial Fluid

    • Found in synovial joints.
    • Helps to minimize friction in the joint and allow for free movement.
    • Has a thick, viscous consistency similar to oil.
    • Can be sampled through a "joint tap" for examination and analysis.

    Studying That Suits You

    Use AI to generate personalized quizzes and flashcards to suit your learning preferences.

    Quiz Team

    Related Documents

    Skeletal System - Bone formation, growth, healing 2 (2).pptx
    The Skeletal System - Joints 3 (4).pptx

    Description

    This quiz covers the skeletal system, bone formation, growth, and healing. It reviews bone cells, types of bones, and functions of the skeletal system.

    More Like This

    Use Quizgecko on...
    Browser
    Open
    Browser
    Browser