The Skeletal System - Joints 3 (4).pptx

The Skeletal System - Joints NSCI6104 Vertebrate Anamtomy & Physiology Learning Objectives Describe where cartilage is found and its function Be able to name the types of joints and give an example of where they may be found Joints What are Joints? Jo...

The Skeletal System - Joints NSCI6104 Vertebrate Anamtomy & Physiology Learning Objectives Describe where cartilage is found and its function Be able to name the types of joints and give an example of where they may be found Joints What are Joints? Joints are the junctions between bones. Some are immovable, some are slightly movable, and some are freely movable. Joint terminology Arthro- and Articular- = joints Arthrology = The study of joints. Articular surfaces = smooth, bony surfaces that come together to form freely movable joints Other terms associated with joints Cartilage Synnovial fluid Types of Joints Fibrous joints (immovable) Cartilaginous joints (slightly movable) Synovial joints (freely movable) Fibrous Joints Fixed or immovable joints No joint cavity Held together by fibrous connective tissue (ligaments, tendons) Examples ⚬ Skull bones (called “sutures”) ⚬ Mandible bone to tooth (gomphosis joint) Fibrous Joints Cartilagino us Joints Joints held together with cartilage Allow more movement between bones than a fibrous joint but less than the highly mobile synovial joint ⚬ > Slightly moveable Examples ⚬ Vertebral discs ⚬ Pubic symphysis ⚬ Mandibular symphysis Why is it important that there is some movement in the pubic Mandibular Symphysis Fracture (not examinable) Fractures of the mandibular symphysis are common after trauma such as HBC/RTA (“hit by car”/”road traffic accident”). There are important nursing considerations for these patients. Here is a cool nursing report from a kitty who had multiple mandibular fractures including the mandibular symphysis (not examinable). https://www.theveterinarynurse.com/content/clinical/a-nursing-report-on-postoperative-management-of-a- cat-with-multiple-jaw-fractures Juvenile pubic symphysiodesis (not examinable) A prophylactic (preventative) surgery performed in immature (young) dogs who are at risk of OA developed from CHD This procedure uses an electroscalpel to create scarring in the growth plate of the floor of the pelvis. This halts bone development from this growth plate so that as the rest of the pelvis continues to grow, the round part of the hip joint externally rotates onto the ball of the femur to provide a better snugger fit Synovial Joints Free moving Articular cartilage covers the ends of bones – Do you remember it’s function? Have a fibrous joint capsule containing synovial fluid Ligaments reinforce/stabilise the joint Synovial Joints - Types For Interest Only (not examinable) Hinge joint ⚬ e.g. Elbow, stifle, phalanges Gliding joint ⚬ e.g. Carpus, tarsus Pivot ⚬ e.g. Atlantoaxial - the joint between the 1st and 2nd cervical vertebrae (“no” joint) Ball and Socket ⚬ e.g. Hip, shoulder Recap - Types of joints Note: human diagram :( Cartilage Closely packed collagen fibres Functions: Tough yet flexible support ⚬ Provides flexible framework for respiratory system ￭ Larynx, trachea, bronchi, flexible portions of nose ⚬ Also forms framework of external ear, connects ribs to sternum Reduces friction and acts as a cushion between joints ⚬ Articular cartilage covers the ends of joints so they slide over each other Helps support weight during movement ⚬ Acts as a cushion/shock absorber for intervertebral disks between vertebrae Embryonic development: ￭ Most bones are first formed as cartilage and later replaced as bone Cartilage What happens when cartilage is damaged? Cartilage has no direct blood supply This means healing is very limited when cartilage is damaged Osteoarthritis is a common painful issue in our pets that can occur when cartilage is diseased What happens when cartilage is damaged? Synovial Fluid The fluid within a moveable joint (synovial joint) Helps to minimise friction in the joint and allow for free movement Quite thick (viscous) - consistency is similar to oil A 'joint tap' samples this fluid ⚬ This involves doing a pre-surgical skin prep, inserting a sterile needle into the joint, and withdrawing synovial fluid for examination, analysis, +/- bacterial culture. Recap Can you name where cartilage is found in the body?  Recap: Three types of joints compared Fibrous Cartilaginous Synovial Moveable? How is the joint held together/reinforced? Examples He pātai tā tētahi? Any Questions?  Tēnā koutou Thank you Email [email protected]