Axial Structures
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What is the function of the transverse ligament of the atlas?

  • Articulating with the occipital condyles of the skull
  • Holding the dens against the atlas (correct)
  • Holding the dens away from the atlas
  • Protecting the spinal cord

    • Which ligament runs from the dens of the axis to the occipital bone of the skull?

  • Apical ligament of the dens (correct)
  • Transverse ligament of the atlas
  • Cranial ligament
  • Caudal ligament

    • What is unique about the ventral transverse process of C6?

  • It is very fat (correct)
  • It lacks transverse foramina
  • It articulates with the atlas
  • It is very thin

    • What is the function of the dens of the axis?

    <p>Articulating with the atlas</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main difference between the atlas and other cervical vertebrae?

    <p>It lacks a spinous process</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the transverse foramina in C1-C6?

    <p>Allowing the passage of vertebral veins, arteries, and nerves</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is unique about the spinous process of T11?

    <p>It is perpendicular to the body</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic of the spinous process in T10?

    <p>It leans caudally towards T11</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The tubercle of which of the following ribs would articulate with the transverse process of T5?

    <p>Rib 5</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of intercapital ligaments?

    <p>To hold the heads of ribs in place</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many pairs of ribs do dogs, cats, and ox have?

    <p>13</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of costotransverse ligaments?

    <p>To course between the ribs and transverse process of the vertebra</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a characteristic of ribs 1-20?

    <p>The head of the rib articulates with the body of the same numbered vertebra and the preceding vertebra</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the part of the rib where the bony and cartilaginous parts meet?

    <p>Costochondral junction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of the vertebral foramen?

    <p>To protect the spinal cord</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main difference between the vertebral formula of small animals (dogs and cats) and large animals (ox and horses)?

    <p>Number of lumbar vertebrae</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the intervertebral foramina?

    <p>To provide a pathway for both spinal nerves and blood vessels</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which joint is referred to as the 'yes' joint?

    <p>Atlanto-occipital joint</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following vertebrae has a transverse foramen?

    <p>C1-C6 only</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the atlantoaxial joint?

    <p>To allow for rotational movement</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which ribs articulate with the cartilage of the cranial rib to form the costal arch?

    <p>Ribs 10-12</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the xiphoid process?

    <p>The last sternebra</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic of the lumbar vertebrae?

    <p>Large bodies and a large transverse process</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the median sacral crest formed by?

    <p>Fused spinous processes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the dorsal sacral foramen and pelvic sacral foramen?

    <p>For spinal nerves</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the sacral promontory used for?

    <p>As a reference point for obstetrics</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic of the caudal/coccygeal vertebrae?

    <p>They become more rod-shaped</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where are the intervertebral discs located?

    <p>Between the vertebral bodies, except for C1-C2 and at the sacrum</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of the intervertebral discs?

    <p>To act as a shock absorber</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the composition of the anulus fibrosus?

    <p>Circumferential collagenous fibers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the supraspinous ligament?

    <p>To course dorsally along the spinous processes of the T1-Cd3 vertebrae</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the location of the nuchal ligament in dogs?

    <p>Between the spinous processes of the axis and T1</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the location of the cranial and caudal nuchal bursae in horses?

    <p>Above the atlas and axis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for inflammation of the bursae in horses?

    <p>Both B and D</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the location of the withers in horses?

    <p>Between the shoulder blades</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the number to the correct term, in regards to the common vertebral features.

    <p>1 = Vertebral foramen 2 = Vertebral arch 3 = Caudal articular surface 4 = Spinous process</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the number to the correct term, in regards to the common vertebral features.

    <p>5 = Lamina 6 = Articular process 7 = Pedicle 8 = Transverse process</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is number 9 referring to, in regards to the common vertebral features.

    <p>Body</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is letter "A" referring to?

    <p>Intervertebral foramen</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is letter "B" referring to?

    <p>Vertebral canal</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the letter to the correct term, in regards to the atlas (C1).

    <p>A = Lateral vertebral foramen B = Wing C = Transverse foramen Free match = Free match</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name of the joint depicted in the pictures?

    <p>Atlanto-occipital joint</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is number 1 referring to, in regards to the axis (C2)?

    <p>Spinous process</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is number 2 referring to, in regards to the axis (C2)?

    <p>Dens</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the number to the correct term, in regards to the atlantoaxial joint.

    <p>2 = Apical ligament of the dens 3 = Transverse ligament of the atlas Free match = Free match 1 = Alar ligament</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the number to the correct term, in regards to the cervical vertebrae.

    <p>1 = Caudal costal fovea 2 = Transverse process 3 = Vertebral artery 4 = Transverse foramen</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the number to the correct term, in regards to the thoracic vertebrae.

    <p>3 = Costal fovea of transverse process 4 = Costal fovea 1 = Spinous process 2 = Transverse process</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the T11 vertebrae also referred to?

    <p>Anticlinal vertebra</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the letter to the correct term, in regards to the ribs.

    <p>A = Tubercle B = Head C = Caudal costal fovea D = Cranial costal fovea</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the letter to the correct term, in regards to the costovertebral ligaments.

    <p>B = Intervertebral disk C = Costotransverse ligament Free match = Free match A = Intercapital ligament</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the number to the correct term, in regards to the ribs and sternum

    <p>3 = Costochondral junction 4 = Xiphoid process 1 = Manubrium 2 = Costal cartilage</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is number 5 referring to, in regards to the ribs and sternum?

    <p>Costal arch</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the number to the correct term, in regards to the lumbar vertebrae.

    <p>1 = Spinous process 5 = Accessory process 3 = Mamillary process 4 = Transverse process</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the letter to the correct term, in regards to the sacrum.

    <p>A = Pelvic sacral foramen B = Sacral promontory C = Dorsal sacral foramen E = Median sacral crest</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is letter "A" referring to, in regards to the caudal vertebrae?

    <p>Hemal arch</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the number to the correct term, in regards to the intervertebral disc.

    <p>2 = Nucleus pulposus 1 = Anulus fibrosus Free match 1 = Free match 1 Free match 2 = Free match 2</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the letter to the correct term, in regards to the vertebral ligaments

    <p>A = Nuchal ligament B = Supraspinous ligament Free match 1 = Free match 1 Free match 2 = Free match 2</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the number to the correct term, in regards to the horse.

    <p>1 = Poll 2 = Withers Free match 1 = Free match 1 Free match 2 = Free match 2</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the number to the correct term, in regards to the vertebral ligaments.

    <p>1 = Ventral longitudinal ligament 2 = Dorsal longitudinal ligament 3 = Intertransverse ligament 4 = Interspinous ligament</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is letter "A" referring to, in regards to the vertebral ligaments?

    <p>Yellow ligament</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the animal to it's correct vertebral formula

    <p>Dogs and Cats = C7, T13, L7, S3 Ox (cows) = C7, T13, L6, S5 Horses (and donkeys) = C7, T18, L6, S5 Free match = Free match</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Vertebral Formulae

    • Vertebral formulae for different animals: • Dogs: C7, T13, L7, S3 • Cats: C7, T13, L7, S3 • Ox (cows): C7, T13, L6, S5 • Horses (and donkeys): C7, T18, L6, S5
    • All animals have C7, except horses with T18
    • Small animals (dogs and cats) have L7 and S3
    • Large animals (Ox and horses) have L6 and S5

    Vertebral Features

    • Vertebral body: • Intervertebral discs are located between the bodies of each vertebra
    • Vertebral arch: • Consists of paired pedicles (sides) and paired laminae (roof) • Vertebral foramina are surrounded by the arch and dorsal surface of the body
    • Processes: • (Dorsal) spinous process • Transverse process: bilateral • Articular process: cranial and caudal pairs
    • Synovial joint

    Vertebral Canal and Intervertebral Foramina

    • Vertebral canal: • Formed by the vertebral foramina and houses the spine
    • Intervertebral foramina: • Located laterally between adjacent vertebrae, formed by vertebral notches • Spinal nerves and blood vessels course through this

    Cervical Vertebrae: General Info

    • Transverse foramina present in C1-C6 vertebrae
    • Atlanto-occipital joint: • Located between atlas and occipital condyles of the skull • Allows for extension and flexion only (referred to as the "yes" joint) • Can be used for CSF (cerebral spinal fluid) sampling
    • Atlantoaxial joint: • Located between C1 and C2, allows for rotational movement (referred to as the "no" joint)
    • Transverse ligament of the atlas: • Courses across the vertebral arch of C1, holding the dens against the atlas
    • Apical ligament of the dens: • Runs from the dens of the axis to the occipital bone of the skull
    • Alar ligament: • Runs from the dens of the axis to the occipital bone of the skull
    • C1-C6 have transverse foramina for vertebral veins, arteries, and nerves
    • C6 has an expanded ventral transverse process
    • C7 lacks a transverse foramina and caudal costal foveae

    Cervical Vertebrae: Atlas

    • Atlas (C1 vertebrae): • Has no spinous process • Articulates with the occipital condyles of the skull • Has transverse foramina for vertebral artery, vein, and nerve

    Cervical Vertebrae: Axis

    • Axis (C2 vertebrae): • Has a large elongated spinous process • Dens (peg-like eminence) articulates with the atlas • Dens lies inside the vertebral canal, ventral to the spinal cord • Dens can indicate the cranial aspect of the bone

    Thoracic Vertebrae

    • Cranial thoracic vertebrae: • Have tall spinous processes and short transverse processes
    • T11 (anticlinal vertebra): • Has a spinous process perpendicular to the body (T16 in horses)
    • Thoracic vertebrae: • Have costal fovea present on vertebral bodies and transverse processes for rib articulation • Have extra processes for muscle attachment

    Rib Articulation

    • All 13 ribs: • The tubercle of the rib articulates with the transverse process of the same numbered vertebra • The head of the rib articulates with the body of the same numbered vertebra
    • Ribs 1-20: • The head of the rib articulates with the body of the preceding vertebrae too

    Costovertebral Ligaments

    • Intercapital ligaments: • Extend across the dorsal surface of the intervertebral disk, holding heads of ribs in place • Reinforce the dorsal walls of intervertebral discs, making them less likely to herniate
    • Costotransverse ligaments: • Course between the ribs and transverse process of the vertebra

    Ribs and Sternum

    • Ribs: • Have a bony and cartilaginous part (costochondral junction) • Dogs and cats have 13 pairs of ribs • Ribs 1-9 are "true ribs" that connect to the sternum • Ribs 10-12 articulate with the cartilage of cranial rib to form the costal arch • Rib 13 is the "floating rib"
    • Sternum: • Composed of 8 sternebrae • Manubrium is the 1st sternebra • Xiphoid process is the last sternebra

    Lumbar Vertebrae

    • Lumbar vertebrae: • Have large bodies and a large transverse process that points cranially • Have a prominent spinous process, mammillary processes (on either side of spinous process), and accessory processes that point caudally

    Sacrum

    • Sacrum: • Composed of fused S1, S2, and S3 vertebrae • Has a median sacral crest formed by the fused spinous processes • Has fused transverse processes • Articulates with the ilium • Uses dorsal and pelvic sacral foramina instead of intervertebral foramina for spinal nerves

    Caudal/Coccygeal Vertebrae

    • Caudal/coccygeal vertebrae: • Can be abbreviated to "Cd" or "Ca", while "C" is strictly used for cervical vertebrae • The first few caudal vertebrae look like typical vertebrae, then become more rod-shaped • Hemal arch is located on Cd4-Cd6, protecting tail vessels

    Intervertebral Disc

    • Intervertebral disc: • Located between vertebral bodies, except for C1-C2 and at the sacrum • Composed of a fibrocartilaginous structure with 2 parts: anulus fibrosus and nucleus pulposus • Works as a shock absorber, spreading the load evenly between the bones

    Vertebral Ligaments

    • Supraspinous ligament: • Courses dorsally along the spinous processes of the T1-Cd3 vertebrae
    • Nuchal ligament: • A cranial extension of the supraspinous ligament • In dogs, courses between the spinous processes of the axis (C2) and T1 • In large animals, attaches to the skull, rather than C2 • Cats and pigs lack nuchal ligaments

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