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Questions and Answers
The vertebral column is composed of a series of separate bones or ______ joined together firmly as a backbone.
The vertebral column is composed of a series of separate bones or ______ joined together firmly as a backbone.
cartilage
The ______ is the anterior division of the neural tube comprised of forebrain, midbrain, and hindbrain.
The ______ is the anterior division of the neural tube comprised of forebrain, midbrain, and hindbrain.
brain
Cephalization refers to the anterior cluster of specialized sensory organs, including paired ______, ears, and nose.
Cephalization refers to the anterior cluster of specialized sensory organs, including paired ______, ears, and nose.
eyes
The cranium is a composite structure of ______ or cartilage that supports sensory organs and fully or partially encloses the brain.
The cranium is a composite structure of ______ or cartilage that supports sensory organs and fully or partially encloses the brain.
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The centrum is the cylindrical body of the vertebrae that encloses the ______.
The centrum is the cylindrical body of the vertebrae that encloses the ______.
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In more derived fish and terrestrial vertebrates, the vertebral column enlarges and essentially replaces the function of the ______.
In more derived fish and terrestrial vertebrates, the vertebral column enlarges and essentially replaces the function of the ______.
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Mammals maintain a component of embryonic ______ in the gel like core of intervertebral disks called nucleus pulposus
Mammals maintain a component of embryonic ______ in the gel like core of intervertebral disks called nucleus pulposus
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The ______ is a complex folded respiratory organ with lamellae folds on the pharyngeal pouches with blood capillaries.
The ______ is a complex folded respiratory organ with lamellae folds on the pharyngeal pouches with blood capillaries.
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Myxinoidea, also known as hagfish, have ______ like-processes on their 'tongue'
Myxinoidea, also known as hagfish, have ______ like-processes on their 'tongue'
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Lampreys have a ______ oval mouth that attaches to prey or rocks to hold against current.
Lampreys have a ______ oval mouth that attaches to prey or rocks to hold against current.
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Haikouella and Yunnanozoon are examples of ______ that have protovertabrae around the notochord.
Haikouella and Yunnanozoon are examples of ______ that have protovertabrae around the notochord.
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Conodonts have enigmatic ______-like mineralized mouth elements.
Conodonts have enigmatic ______-like mineralized mouth elements.
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Ostracoderms have a ______ system and dermal exoskeleton.
Ostracoderms have a ______ system and dermal exoskeleton.
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Pteraspidomorphi have paired ______ openings and head shields with multiple large plates.
Pteraspidomorphi have paired ______ openings and head shields with multiple large plates.
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Study Notes
Vertebrate Synapomorphies
- Vertebrates have a series of separate bones or cartilage joined together firmly as a backbone, known as vertebrae.
- Anterior division of neural tube is comprised of forebrain, midbrain, and hindbrain, which forms the brain.
- Cephalization refers to the anterior cluster of specialized sensory organs, including paired eyes, ears, and nose.
- Cranium is a composite structure of bone or cartilage that supports sensory organs and encloses the brain.
Vertabral Column
- A series of separate bones or cartilage joined together firmly as a backbone, comprising centrum, intervertebral disks, and neural arch.
- Centrum is the cylindrical body of the vertebrae, enclosing the notochord.
- Intervertebral disks are thin compression pads, usually made of cartilage.
- Neural arch is the dorsal structure that encloses the spinal cord.
- Neural spine extends from the neural arch.
- Hemal arch is the ventral structure that encloses blood vessels.
- Hemal spines extend from the hemal arch.
Early Vertebrates
- Early vertebrates, such as Haikouella and Haikouicthys, had strengthened notochord and rudimentary vertebrae.
- In more derived fish and terrestrial vertebrates, the vertebral column enlarges and replaces the function of the notochord.
- Notochord disappears in most adult vertebrates, but mammals maintain a component of embryonic notochord in the gel-like core of intervertebral disks called nucleus pulposus.
Gills
- Gills are complex, folded respiratory organs with lamellae folds on the pharyngeal pouches, accompanied by blood capillaries.
Hypothetical Vertebrate Origins
- Agnathans, including cyclostomes, are a group of vertebrates that lack jaws.
- Myxinoidea, or hagfish, are deep-sea, burrowing scavengers that eat dead or dying invertebrates and other fish.
- Hagfish have teeth-like processes on their tongue, can knot their bodies to escape predators, and release a mucus defensively.
- Petromyzontiformes, or lampreys, are half parasitic and have a suctorial oval mouth, rough tongue, and medial fins.
Protovertabrates
- Haikouella and Yunnanozoon are protovertebrates that have protovertebrae around the notochord, pharyngeal bars with gill filaments, and a dorsal nerve chord.
- Haikouichthys has a simple skull, ear, nose, and eye capsules, gill bars, and v-shaped myomeres.
Conodonts
- Conodonts have enigmatic teeth-like mineralized mouth elements, large eyes in optic capsules, and v-shaped myomeres.
Ostracoderms
- Ostracoderms have a lateral line system, dermal exoskeleton, bony plates fused into a head shield, and cartilage endoskeleton.
- They are typically minnow-sized, have dentin-like structures, and are likely bottom feeders.
Pteraspidomorphi
- Pteraspidomorphi have paired nasal openings, head shields, two semicircular canals, and small bony plates.
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Description
Identify the key features that define vertebrates, including vertebrae, brain structure, and sensory organs. Learn about the unique characteristics of this group of animals.
