VAN211 Module 3: Axial Skeleton

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Questions and Answers

What is the function of the neural spine in a vertebra?

To provide a passage for the spinal cord

To support the head

To connect with adjacent vertebrae

To allow attachment of muscles (correct)

What unique feature does the Atlas (C1) possess compared to other cervical vertebrae?

It has a centrum or body

It has a prominent neural spine

It has a large neural canal (correct)

It has pronounced transverse processes

Which part of the vertebra faces dorsally and has a facet?

Neural canal

Transverse process

Prezygapophysis (correct)

Postzygapophysis

How many thoracic vertebrae are typically present in the vertebral column?

13 Signup and view all the answers

What anatomical feature distinguishes the cervical vertebrae from other vertebrae?

They support the head and allow head movement Signup and view all the answers

What is the main function of bones in the skeletal system?

Provide energy storage and structural support Signup and view all the answers

How many bones are found in the adult human skeleton?

206 Signup and view all the answers

Which type of cartilage is the most common and considered the weakest?

Hyaline cartilage Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about ligaments is true?

They are similar in composition to tendons but connect bones. Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of tendons in the skeletal system?

To connect muscles to bones. Signup and view all the answers

Which structure is NOT part of the axial skeleton?

Clavicle Signup and view all the answers

Where in the body is fibrocartilage primarily located?

In intervertebral discs and joints Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic of cartilage compared to bone?

Cartilage can absorb shock better than bone. Signup and view all the answers

What serves as the entrance for the inferior alveolar nerve and blood vessels into the mandibular canal?

Mandibular foramen Signup and view all the answers

Which condition is defined as the mandible being shorter than the maxilla?

Brachygnathism Signup and view all the answers

Which bone is known as the smallest bone in the body?

Stapes Signup and view all the answers

What is the main function of the bony ossicles in the middle ear?

Connect the tympanic membrane to the inner ear Signup and view all the answers

At what age do canine central incisors typically erupt?

4 months Signup and view all the answers

Which group of teeth erupts between 5 to 6 months in canines?

Canines Signup and view all the answers

Which surface of the mandibular ramus is the insertion site for the masseter muscle?

Lateral surface Signup and view all the answers

The mental foramina consist of how many openings on the lateral surface of the mandible?

Three Signup and view all the answers

What characteristic distinguishes the AXIS vertebra from other cervical vertebrae?

It articulates with C1 through the odontoid process. Signup and view all the answers

Which statement is correct regarding the spinous processes of C3-C7 vertebrae?

The spinous processes gradually increase in length to the last (7th) vertebra. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a characteristic of the hyoid apparatus?

It supports the tongue, pharynx, and larynx. Signup and view all the answers

What defines true ribs in relation to their connection to the sternum?

They are directly connected to the sternum. Signup and view all the answers

Which component forms the floor of the chest?

Sternebrae Signup and view all the answers

Which part of the sternum is located at the front of the second intercostal junction?

Manubrium Signup and view all the answers

Which paired bone is part of the hyoid apparatus?

Thyrohyoid Signup and view all the answers

What is the cartilaginous section at the caudal end of the sternum called?

Xiphoid process Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the floating rib in the dog?

Does not attach to adjacent cartilage Signup and view all the answers

Which thoracic vertebrae form the mid-back of the dog?

T10-T13 Signup and view all the answers

Which feature is characteristic of lumbar vertebrae?

Large flattened transverse processes Signup and view all the answers

What role do the thoracic vertebrae play in relation to respiration?

They provide attachment for shoulder muscles Signup and view all the answers

What feature distinguishes the sacrum in the dog?

Reduction of the neural spine to a small notch Signup and view all the answers

How does the angulation of the croup affect the tail set in dogs?

An angled croup leads to a higher tail set Signup and view all the answers

What characterizes the coccygeal vertebrae?

They gradually reduce in size towards the tip of the tail Signup and view all the answers

Which vertebrae are crucial for the movement of the dog?

Lumbar vertebrae Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Composition of the Skeleton

Comprises bones, ligaments, tendons, and cartilage.
Bones: Hard, dense connective tissues providing structural support, rigidity, and mobility. Adult humans have 206 bones.
Tendons: Connect muscles to bones, featuring tightly packed collagen bundles.
Ligaments: Tough fibrous connective tissue that connects bones or cartilages; it lacks muscular involvement.
Cartilage: Flexible tissue that absorbs shock, more prevalent in young skeletons; types include hyaline, fibrocartilage, and elastic cartilage.

Axial Skeleton Parts

Skull: Comprised of facial bones and cranial vault.
Vertebral Column: Includes cervical (7), thoracic (13), lumbar (7), sacral (3), and caudal (20-23) vertebrae.
Sternum and Ribs: Form the rib cage, protecting thoracic organs.

Types of Cartilage

Hyaline Cartilage: Common, weak, serves as a precursor to bone; found in ribs, nose, larynx.
Fibrocartilage: Strong, located in intervertebral discs and articulating joints.
Elastic Cartilage: Resilient, found in external ear and larynx.

Mandible Features

Medial Surface: Insertion point for lateral pterygoid muscle.
Lateral Surface: Insertion for the masseter muscle with a distinct masseteric fossa.
Mandibular Foramen: Entrance for inferior alveolar nerve and blood vessels.
Mental Foramina: Openings for the rostral mandibular canal.

Malocclusions in Dogs

Brachygnathism: Overbite condition caused by a shorter mandible than maxilla.
Prognathism: Underbite; mandible longer than maxilla, common in brachycephalic breeds.

Canine Dental Formula

Incisors erupt between 4-5 months; canines at 5-6 months; premolars at 4-6 months; molars at various times.

Bony Ossicles of Middle Ear

Composed of malleus, incus, and stapes, facilitating sound transmission from tympanic membrane to inner ear.

Vertebral Column Anatomy

Comprises cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacral, and caudal regions, with specific numbers of vertebrae per region.
Vertebra Parts: Include neural spines, neural canal, transverse processes, centrum, facets, and zygapophysis for articulation.

Cervical Vertebrae

Support head movement; consists of atlas (C1), axis (C2), and normal cervical vertebrae (C3-C7).
Atlas lacks a body; axis characterized by odontoid process for articulation with C1.

Hyoid Apparatus

Unpaired basihyoid and paired thyrohyoid, epihyoid, stylohyoid, tympanohyoid; supports tongue and larynx.

Rib Cage Structure

Composed of thoracic vertebrae and 13 pairs of ribs, connected to sternum via sternebrae.
Ribs categorized as true (1-9), false (10-12), and floating (13).

Lumbar Vertebrae

Strong structures with large transverse processes, vital for abdominal muscle attachment and movement.

Sacrum and Coccygeal Vertebrae

Sacrum forms pelvic cavity roof; coccygeal vertebrae vary in number, situated in the tail.

Croup Anatomy

Formed by the sacrum and first coccygeal vertebra; determines tail set and angulation which affects tail position.

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Description

This quiz covers the composition of the axial skeleton, including the bones, ligaments, tendons, and cartilage. Participants will learn to identify specific components of the skeleton, especially those related to the head and skull. Enhance your understanding of skeletal anatomy with this focused assessment.