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Questions and Answers
What is the function of the neural spine in a vertebra?
What is the function of the neural spine in a vertebra?
- To provide a passage for the spinal cord
- To support the head
- To connect with adjacent vertebrae
- To allow attachment of muscles (correct)
What unique feature does the Atlas (C1) possess compared to other cervical vertebrae?
What unique feature does the Atlas (C1) possess compared to other cervical vertebrae?
- It has a centrum or body
- It has a prominent neural spine
- It has a large neural canal (correct)
- It has pronounced transverse processes
Which part of the vertebra faces dorsally and has a facet?
Which part of the vertebra faces dorsally and has a facet?
- Neural canal
- Transverse process
- Prezygapophysis (correct)
- Postzygapophysis
How many thoracic vertebrae are typically present in the vertebral column?
How many thoracic vertebrae are typically present in the vertebral column?
What anatomical feature distinguishes the cervical vertebrae from other vertebrae?
What anatomical feature distinguishes the cervical vertebrae from other vertebrae?
What is the main function of bones in the skeletal system?
What is the main function of bones in the skeletal system?
How many bones are found in the adult human skeleton?
How many bones are found in the adult human skeleton?
Which type of cartilage is the most common and considered the weakest?
Which type of cartilage is the most common and considered the weakest?
Which of the following statements about ligaments is true?
Which of the following statements about ligaments is true?
What is the function of tendons in the skeletal system?
What is the function of tendons in the skeletal system?
Which structure is NOT part of the axial skeleton?
Which structure is NOT part of the axial skeleton?
Where in the body is fibrocartilage primarily located?
Where in the body is fibrocartilage primarily located?
What is a characteristic of cartilage compared to bone?
What is a characteristic of cartilage compared to bone?
What serves as the entrance for the inferior alveolar nerve and blood vessels into the mandibular canal?
What serves as the entrance for the inferior alveolar nerve and blood vessels into the mandibular canal?
Which condition is defined as the mandible being shorter than the maxilla?
Which condition is defined as the mandible being shorter than the maxilla?
Which bone is known as the smallest bone in the body?
Which bone is known as the smallest bone in the body?
What is the main function of the bony ossicles in the middle ear?
What is the main function of the bony ossicles in the middle ear?
At what age do canine central incisors typically erupt?
At what age do canine central incisors typically erupt?
Which group of teeth erupts between 5 to 6 months in canines?
Which group of teeth erupts between 5 to 6 months in canines?
Which surface of the mandibular ramus is the insertion site for the masseter muscle?
Which surface of the mandibular ramus is the insertion site for the masseter muscle?
The mental foramina consist of how many openings on the lateral surface of the mandible?
The mental foramina consist of how many openings on the lateral surface of the mandible?
What characteristic distinguishes the AXIS vertebra from other cervical vertebrae?
What characteristic distinguishes the AXIS vertebra from other cervical vertebrae?
Which statement is correct regarding the spinous processes of C3-C7 vertebrae?
Which statement is correct regarding the spinous processes of C3-C7 vertebrae?
Which of the following is a characteristic of the hyoid apparatus?
Which of the following is a characteristic of the hyoid apparatus?
What defines true ribs in relation to their connection to the sternum?
What defines true ribs in relation to their connection to the sternum?
Which component forms the floor of the chest?
Which component forms the floor of the chest?
Which part of the sternum is located at the front of the second intercostal junction?
Which part of the sternum is located at the front of the second intercostal junction?
Which paired bone is part of the hyoid apparatus?
Which paired bone is part of the hyoid apparatus?
What is the cartilaginous section at the caudal end of the sternum called?
What is the cartilaginous section at the caudal end of the sternum called?
What is the function of the floating rib in the dog?
What is the function of the floating rib in the dog?
Which thoracic vertebrae form the mid-back of the dog?
Which thoracic vertebrae form the mid-back of the dog?
Which feature is characteristic of lumbar vertebrae?
Which feature is characteristic of lumbar vertebrae?
What role do the thoracic vertebrae play in relation to respiration?
What role do the thoracic vertebrae play in relation to respiration?
What feature distinguishes the sacrum in the dog?
What feature distinguishes the sacrum in the dog?
How does the angulation of the croup affect the tail set in dogs?
How does the angulation of the croup affect the tail set in dogs?
What characterizes the coccygeal vertebrae?
What characterizes the coccygeal vertebrae?
Which vertebrae are crucial for the movement of the dog?
Which vertebrae are crucial for the movement of the dog?
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Study Notes
Composition of the Skeleton
- Comprises bones, ligaments, tendons, and cartilage.
- Bones: Hard, dense connective tissues providing structural support, rigidity, and mobility. Adult humans have 206 bones.
- Tendons: Connect muscles to bones, featuring tightly packed collagen bundles.
- Ligaments: Tough fibrous connective tissue that connects bones or cartilages; it lacks muscular involvement.
- Cartilage: Flexible tissue that absorbs shock, more prevalent in young skeletons; types include hyaline, fibrocartilage, and elastic cartilage.
Axial Skeleton Parts
- Skull: Comprised of facial bones and cranial vault.
- Vertebral Column: Includes cervical (7), thoracic (13), lumbar (7), sacral (3), and caudal (20-23) vertebrae.
- Sternum and Ribs: Form the rib cage, protecting thoracic organs.
Types of Cartilage
- Hyaline Cartilage: Common, weak, serves as a precursor to bone; found in ribs, nose, larynx.
- Fibrocartilage: Strong, located in intervertebral discs and articulating joints.
- Elastic Cartilage: Resilient, found in external ear and larynx.
Mandible Features
- Medial Surface: Insertion point for lateral pterygoid muscle.
- Lateral Surface: Insertion for the masseter muscle with a distinct masseteric fossa.
- Mandibular Foramen: Entrance for inferior alveolar nerve and blood vessels.
- Mental Foramina: Openings for the rostral mandibular canal.
Malocclusions in Dogs
- Brachygnathism: Overbite condition caused by a shorter mandible than maxilla.
- Prognathism: Underbite; mandible longer than maxilla, common in brachycephalic breeds.
Canine Dental Formula
- Incisors erupt between 4-5 months; canines at 5-6 months; premolars at 4-6 months; molars at various times.
Bony Ossicles of Middle Ear
- Composed of malleus, incus, and stapes, facilitating sound transmission from tympanic membrane to inner ear.
Vertebral Column Anatomy
- Comprises cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacral, and caudal regions, with specific numbers of vertebrae per region.
- Vertebra Parts: Include neural spines, neural canal, transverse processes, centrum, facets, and zygapophysis for articulation.
Cervical Vertebrae
- Support head movement; consists of atlas (C1), axis (C2), and normal cervical vertebrae (C3-C7).
- Atlas lacks a body; axis characterized by odontoid process for articulation with C1.
Hyoid Apparatus
- Unpaired basihyoid and paired thyrohyoid, epihyoid, stylohyoid, tympanohyoid; supports tongue and larynx.
Rib Cage Structure
- Composed of thoracic vertebrae and 13 pairs of ribs, connected to sternum via sternebrae.
- Ribs categorized as true (1-9), false (10-12), and floating (13).
Lumbar Vertebrae
- Strong structures with large transverse processes, vital for abdominal muscle attachment and movement.
Sacrum and Coccygeal Vertebrae
- Sacrum forms pelvic cavity roof; coccygeal vertebrae vary in number, situated in the tail.
Croup Anatomy
- Formed by the sacrum and first coccygeal vertebra; determines tail set and angulation which affects tail position.
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