Questions and Answers
Which of the following bones is the largest in the pelvic girdle?
Ilium
Which bones articulate in the acetabulum to form the pelvic girdle?
Ilium and Pubis
Which part of the pelvic bone forms the obturator foramen?
Pubis
Which of the following physical exam findings is associated with Sacroiliac joint instability?
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Which of the following is the most common cause of SIJ dysfunction?
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Which one of the following is a characteristic difference in pelvic structure between males and females?
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Which muscle is responsible for laterally rotating the femur with hip extension and abducting the femur with hip flexion?
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Which muscle is an accessory to the tendon of the obturator internus and helps rotate the thigh laterally?
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Which muscle is a strong hip flexor and joins the iliacus muscle to form the iliopsoas muscle?
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Which of the following is NOT a function of the urinary bladder?
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What is the purpose of the gubernaculum in the male reproductive system?
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Which lobe of the prostate is most commonly associated with carcinoma?
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Which of the following is NOT a function of the testes?
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Which structure covers the testicles or ovaries?
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Which physical exam finding is consistent with a diagnosis of testicular torsion?
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Which of the following is the best treatment for a 23-year-old female presenting with vaginal itching, pain, and thick white vaginal discharge?
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Which of the following is the primary source of female sexual pleasure?
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Which of the following is the most likely diagnosis for a 32-year-old female presenting with severe right-sided abdominal pain, vaginal bleeding, and hypotension?
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Which structure allows passage of the ovum from the ovary to the uterus?
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In a 32-year-old female presenting with severe right-sided abdominal pain and vaginal bleeding, what is the next test that should be done?
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In a 30-year-old male presenting with swelling, redness, and pain to the right testicle, along with dysuria and fever, what is the most likely diagnosis?
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What are the different segments of the fallopian tube, from lateral to medial?
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What is the appropriate clinical sign for Testicular Torsion?
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In a 32-year-old female presenting with severe right-sided abdominal pain and vaginal bleeding, which condition should be considered as a possible cause?
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In a 30-year-old male presenting with swelling, redness, and pain to the right testicle, what is the appropriate physical exam finding for Testicular Torsion?
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Which tissue types make up the breast?
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What is the function of the suspensory ligaments in the breast?
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Where do the suspensory ligaments of the breast arise from and insert?
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What is the function of the pectoral fat pad in the breast?
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What are the components of the mammary glands in the breast?
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What is the purpose of the Montgomery's glands in the breast?
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Which arteries supply blood to the breast?
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Which arteries supply blood to the lateral anterior chest, axilla, and mammaries laterally?
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Which veins drain the majority of the breast and correspond with the arteries?
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Which lymph nodes drain the majority of the breast?
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Which nerves provide the majority of the innervation to the breast?
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What is the most common type of adenocarcinoma in women?
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Which stage of breast cancer has spread beyond the breast and regional lymph nodes?
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What are the most common sites of metastasis for breast cancer?
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Which type of breast cancer originates in the lobules of the breast?
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Study Notes
Pelvis and Lower Body
- The largest bone in the pelvic girdle is the ilium.
- The ilium, ischium, and pubis bones articulate in the acetabulum to form the pelvic girdle.
- The ischium bone forms the obturator foramen.
- Sacroiliac joint instability is associated with pain in the lower back and buttock area, which increases with weight-bearing activities.
- The most common cause of SIJ dysfunction is pregnancy.
Muscles and Pelvis
- The gluteus minimus muscle is responsible for laterally rotating the femur with hip extension and abducting the femur with hip flexion.
- The obturator externus muscle is an accessory to the tendon of the obturator internus and helps rotate the thigh laterally.
- The iliopsoas muscle, formed by the iliacus and psoas muscles, is a strong hip flexor.
Urinary System
- The urinary bladder's function is not to filter blood.
Male Reproductive System
- The gubernaculum guides the testes during fetal development.
- The peripheral zone of the prostate is most commonly associated with carcinoma.
- The testes do not produce testosterone.
Female Reproductive System
- The tunica albuginea covers the testicles or ovaries.
- Testicular torsion is characterized by sudden, severe testicular pain, swelling, and elevation of the affected testicle.
- The best treatment for vaginal itching, pain, and thick white vaginal discharge is antifungal medication.
- The clitoris is the primary source of female sexual pleasure.
- A 32-year-old female presenting with severe right-sided abdominal pain, vaginal bleeding, and hypotension is likely suffering from a ruptured ectopic pregnancy.
- The fallopian tube allows passage of the ovum from the ovary to the uterus.
- In a 32-year-old female presenting with severe right-sided abdominal pain and vaginal bleeding, the next test that should be done is a pregnancy test.
- In a 30-year-old male presenting with swelling, redness, and pain to the right testicle, along with dysuria and fever, the most likely diagnosis is epididymitis.
- The fallopian tube segments, from lateral to medial, are the infundibulum, ampulla, isthmus, and interstitial portion.
- The appropriate clinical sign for Testicular Torsion is the absence of the cremasteric reflex.
Breast
- The breast tissue types are epithelial, connective, and glandular.
- The suspensory ligaments of the breast provide support and shape to the breast.
- The suspensory ligaments arise from the clavipectoral fascia and insert into the dermis of the breast.
- The pectoral fat pad of the breast provides cushioning and protection.
- The mammary glands of the breast are composed of lobules, ducts, and areola.
- Montgomery's glands of the breast produce sebum and protect the areola.
- The breast is supplied by the internal thoracic artery and lateral thoracic artery.
- The breast is drained by the internal thoracic vein and axillary vein.
- The breast is drained by the axillary and parasternal lymph nodes.
- The breast is innervated by the intercostal nerves and lateral Cutaneous branch of the fourth intercostal nerve.
- The most common type of adenocarcinoma in women is invasive ductal carcinoma.
- Stage IV breast cancer has spread beyond the breast and regional lymph nodes.
- The most common sites of metastasis for breast cancer are bone, liver, lung, and brain.
- Lobular carcinoma originates in the lobules of the breast.
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