Anatomy Chapter: Pelvic and Limb Bones

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Questions and Answers

What bones contribute to the formation of the pelvic girdle?

Sacrum and Coccyx

Tibia and Fibula

Sacrum and Hip Bones (correct)

Ilium and Coccyx

Which bone is recognized as the longest and strongest in the human body?

Tibia

Fibula

Patella

Femur (correct)

What are the three bones that fuse to form a single hip bone?

Patella, Talus, Calcaneus

Ischium, Pubis, Ilium (correct)

Coccyx, Sacrum, Acetabulum

Femur, Tibia, Fibula

Which of the following statements regarding the tibia and fibula is accurate?

The tibia carries the weight of the body. (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the patella?

To reduce stress on the tendon (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is located within the medullary canal?

Bone marrow (B) Signup and view all the answers

What type of bone marrow is primarily responsible for blood formation in adults?

Red bone marrow (B) Signup and view all the answers

Which type of bone cell is responsible for breaking down bone matrix?

Osteoclasts (D) Signup and view all the answers

What process involves the formation of bone by osteoblasts?

Ossification (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of osteocytes in bone tissue?

Maintain the bone matrix (A) Signup and view all the answers

Bone growth involves which two main processes?

Resorption and deposition (D) Signup and view all the answers

Which type of ossification occurs in the bones of the skull?

Intramembranous ossification (A) Signup and view all the answers

Which suture connects the frontal and parietal bones?

Coronal Suture (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the pterion in the skull?

Unites frontal, parietal, sphenoid, and temporal bones (B) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following sutures connects the two parietal bones?

Sagittal Suture (D) Signup and view all the answers

What could result from an injury to the pterion area?

Epidural hematoma (A) Signup and view all the answers

Which bone contains the sella turcica?

Sphenoid Bone (A) Signup and view all the answers

What connects the parietal and temporal bones?

Squamous Suture (B) Signup and view all the answers

Where does the spinal cord join the brain?

Foramen Magnum (D) Signup and view all the answers

Which structure is modified within the sphenoid bone and resembles a saddle?

Sella Turcica (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the weakest point of the skull?

Pterion (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the nasal conchae?

To increase the surface area of the nasal cavity (D) Signup and view all the answers

Which bones contribute to the formation of the nasal septum?

Perpendicular Plate of the Ethmoid and Vomer (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of the paranasal sinuses?

To assist in voice resonance (D) Signup and view all the answers

What type of cartilage is found in the anterior part of the nasal septum?

Hyaline cartilage (B) Signup and view all the answers

Which bone forms the upper jaw?

Maxilla (C) Signup and view all the answers

What does the term 'meatus' refer to in anatomical terms?

An opening or passage (A) Signup and view all the answers

How many nasal conchae are present on each side of the nasal cavity?

Three (C) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following structures is not part of the nasal cavity?

Temporal bone (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is the main characteristic of the orbits in the human skull?

They are cone-shaped fossae (B) Signup and view all the answers

Which concha is a separate bone rather than part of the ethmoid?

Inferior Nasal Concha (C) Signup and view all the answers

What function does the rib cage serve?

It protects the vital organs within the thorax. (C) Signup and view all the answers

Which ribs are classified as true ribs?

Ribs 1-7 (A) Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes false ribs from true ribs?

False ribs do not attach at all to the sternum. (C) Signup and view all the answers

Which bones make up the pectoral girdle?

Two scapulae and two clavicles (D) Signup and view all the answers

What type of ribs are classified as floating ribs?

Ribs 11 and 12 (D) Signup and view all the answers

Which part of the sternum is located at the top?

Manubrium (B) Signup and view all the answers

What do ribs 8, 9, and 10 have in common?

They attach to the sternum by a common costal cartilage. (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is the main purpose of the costal cartilages?

To attach the ribs directly to the sternum (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is the classification of ribs 1-7?

True ribs (D) Signup and view all the answers

How many bones are in the pectoral girdle?

4 (D) Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Skeletal System Overview

The skeletal system is comprised of bones and cartilage.
It has 206 bones in an average adult.
Functions include: support, protection, movement, storage, and blood cell production.

Skeletal System Tissues

Bone: Strong and rigid tissue; cannot be bent.
- Matrix: Collagen and hydroxyapatite (calcium and phosphate crystals)
- Contains blood vessels
- Provides skeletal support and shape
- Forms the skeleton
Cartilage: Firm and flexible connective tissue; can be bent.
- Matrix: Collagen and proteoglycans
- No blood vessels
- Provides flexibility to the body and smoothes bone surfaces
- Found in the ear, nose, larynx, trachea, ribs, and joints
Tendons: Bands of strong white fibrous tissue that connect muscles to bones.
Ligaments: Bands of fibrous tissue connecting bones or cartilages; they serve to support and strengthen joints.

Bone Types

Long Bones: The long bones form the limbs such as the humerus and femur.
Short Bones: Small, cube-shaped bones such as carpals and tarsals.
Flat Bones: Thin, flat bones, such as the skull bones.
Irregular Bones: Complex shapes, such as vertebrae.
Sesamoid Bones: Small, round bones that are embedded within tendons, like the patella (kneecap).

Bone Structure

Diaphysis: The shaft of a long bone.
Epiphysis: The expanded end of a long bone.
Metaphysis: The growth zone between the epiphysis and diaphysis; the area of greatest metabolic activity.
Epiphyseal growth plate: The thin plate of cartilage between the epiphysis and the shaft of a long bone. It is the site of growth in length and is obliterated by epiphyseal closure.

Bone Tissues

Compact bone: Dense, outer portion of bones.
Spongy bone: Delicate, inner portion of bones; composed of trabeculae.

Bone Cells

Osteogenic cells: Mitotically active stem cells that differentiate into osteoblasts.
Osteoblasts: Bone-forming cells that secrete bone matrix.
Osteocytes: Mature bone cells; monitor and maintain the bone matrix.
Osteoclasts: Large, multi-nucleated cells that resorb bone matrix.

Bone Remodeling

A continuous process of synthesis and destruction of bone.
This process maintains normal calcium levels in the body and gives bone its mature structure. Bone remodeling is responsible for adjustment of bone to stress, bone repair, and calcium ion regulation.

Ossification

Formation of bone by osteoblasts.
Two types of ossification
- Intramembranous ossification: Bone formation within connective tissue membranes (ex. skull bones).
- Endochondral ossification: Bone formation inside cartilage (ex. long bones).

Skull

The skull has 22 bones, divided into 8 cranial (braincase) and 14 facial bones.
cranial bones include: frontal, parietal, temporal, occipital, sphenoid, and ethmoid
facial bones include: maxilla, zygomatic, palatine, nasal, lacrimal, inferior nasal conchae, mandible, vomer
Sutures are fibrous joints connecting bones of the skull.
Types of sutures: coronal, sagittal, lambdoid and squamous.
The pterion is the weakest spot of the skull, where the frontal, parietal, sphenoid, and temporal bones meet.

Paranasal Sinuses

Air-filled cavities within bones surrounding the nasal cavity.
Decrease the weight of the skull and act as resonating chambers during voice production. Include: frontal, ethmoidal, maxillary, and sphenoidal.

Auditory Ossicles/ Ear Bones

Tiny bones located in the middle ear.
They transmit vibrations from the tympanic membrane (eardrum).
These include malleus, incus, and stapes.

Hyoid Bone

U-shaped unpaired bone in the neck.
Serves as an attachment for some tongue and neck muscles.
The only bone in the body not directly connected to another bone.

Vertebral Column

26 vertebrae grouped in 5 regions (cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacrum, and coccyx).
cervical vertebrae: 7
thoracic vertebrae: 12
lumbar vertebrae: 5
sacrum : 1
coccyx: 1

Rib Cage

Protectives vital organs in the thorax.
Prevents the collapse of the thorax during respiration.
Consists of thoracic vertebrae, ribs w / their cartilages, and the sternum.

Appendicular Skeleton

Consists of bones of upper and lower limbs and the girdles.

Upper Limbs

The pectoral girdle attaches them to the body.
The pectoral girdle (shoulder girdle) is made of two scapulae and two clavicles.
Scapula: Shoulder blade.
- Glenoid fossa: Where humeral head attaches.
- Spine: Ridge on posterior surface of scapula.
- Acromion process: Extension of the spine, forming the point of the shoulder.

Arm

The humerus is the only bone in the arm.
Has proximal humeral head, anatomical and surgical neck, and greater/lesser tubercles for muscle attachment.
Deltoid tuberosity: For deltoid muscle attachment.

Forearm

Ulna: Medial or little finger side of the forearm.
Radius: Lateral or thumb side of the forearm.

Lower Limbs

The pelvic girdle attaches them to the body.
The pelvic girdle is made of two coxal bones and sacrum.
Coxal bone: (Hip bone) formed by the fusion of the Ilium, Ischium, and Pubis.
- Acetabulum: The socket in the hip bone.
Femur: The only bone in the thigh, the longest, heaviest, and strongest bone in the human body.
- Anatomical neck: Proximal end of the humerus
- Patella (kneecap): Largest sesamoid bone.

Tarsal Bones (Foot)

There are 7 in each foot. Specific ones include talus, calcaneus, cuboid, and the three cuneiforms (medial, intermediate, and lateral).

Metacarpals/ Metatarsals and Phalanges (Hand/Foot)

The metacarpals are the bones in the palm of the hand
The metatarsals are the bones in the sole of the foot
The phalanges are the bones in the fingers and toes

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Description

Test your knowledge on the anatomy of the pelvic girdle and limb bones. This quiz covers key structures, bones, and their functions in the human body. Important topics include bone formation, types of bone marrow, and various ossification processes.