Vaccines for Chickenpox and Measles

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Questions and Answers

At what age should people who have never had chickenpox or received chickenpox vaccine get two doses of the vaccine?

4-6 years

12-15 months

Any age, as long as they have not had chickenpox

13 years and older, 28 days apart (correct)

What is ProQuad® used for?

Only for measles, mumps, and rubella vaccinations

Combination of measles, mumps, rubella, and varicella vaccines (correct)

Only for varicella vaccinations

None of the above

What is the main symptom of the pre-eruptive phase of herpes zoster?

Rash develops on one side of the torso

Itchy, Pain, burning, numbness or tingling

Lesions and blisters

Headache, tiredness, sensitivity to light, and fever (correct)

What is Ramzy Hunt Syndrome?

A vesicular rash on the ear, in the oral mucosa accompanied by acute peripheral facial nerve paralysis Signup and view all the answers

What is one of the complications of herpes zoster?

Post-herpetic neuralgia (PHN) Signup and view all the answers

What is the age group where reactivation of herpes zoster increases?

Above 50 years Signup and view all the answers

What is the treatment option for severe cases of herpes zoster?

Oral acyclovir, Valacyclovir Signup and view all the answers

What is the treatment option for post-herpetic neuralgia?

Topical lidocaine patch 5%, gabapentin, pregabalin, opioids, tricyclic antidepressants (TCAs), tramadol and topical capsaicin cream and patch Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary method of transmission of Avian influenza A(H5N1) viruses?

Primarily through respiratory droplets Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following antiviral medications is NOT used to treat Avian influenza A(H5N1) and A(H7N9)?

Amantadine Signup and view all the answers

What is the recommended dose of Oseltamivir for treatment of Avian influenza A(H5N1) and A(H7N9)?

75 mg twice daily for 5-10 days Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary characteristic of coronavirus?

It has a positive-strand RNA genome Signup and view all the answers

What are the four main subtypes of coronaviruses?

Alpha, beta, gamma, and delta Signup and view all the answers

What is the most severe potential complication of coronavirus infection?

All of the above Signup and view all the answers

What is the name of the coronavirus that caused a global outbreak in 2002-2003?

SARS-CoV Signup and view all the answers

When was the last known case of SARS-CoV reported?

2004 Signup and view all the answers

What is the name of the virus that was declared a pandemic by the World Health Organization in 2009?

A/H1N1pdm09 Signup and view all the answers

How are avian influenza viruses primarily transmitted to humans?

Through contact with infected poultry or contaminated surfaces Signup and view all the answers

What is a common symptom of avian influenza that is not typically seen in seasonal flu?

Conjunctivitis Signup and view all the answers

What is the morbidity rate of novel H1N1 flu?

1-4% Signup and view all the answers

What is the name of the life-threatening lung injury that can occur in severe cases of novel H1N1 flu?

Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS) Signup and view all the answers

What is the pathogenicity of H9 avian influenza virus?

Low Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a typical symptom of novel H1N1 flu?

Skin rash Signup and view all the answers

What is the reason why adamantanes are not used to treat novel H1N1 flu?

There is widespread resistance among influenza A and B strains Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary means of transmission of an airborne virus?

Respiratory droplets through coughing or talking Signup and view all the answers

On which surfaces can the virus survive for 3 days?

Plastics, porcelain, and steel Signup and view all the answers

What is the typical incubation period of the virus?

1-27 days Signup and view all the answers

What is a common symptom of the virus in the first week?

Fever Signup and view all the answers

What percentage of hospitalized patients ultimately need ICU care?

1/3 Signup and view all the answers

What is a recommended practice to reduce exposure to the virus?

Washing hands with soap and water Signup and view all the answers

Why is it recommended to avoid touching your eyes, nose, and mouth?

Because your hands may touch many surfaces that could be contaminated Signup and view all the answers

What is the recommended distance to maintain from someone who is coughing or sneezing?

At least 1 meter (3 feet) Signup and view all the answers

What is a less common symptom of adenovirus infection?

Neurologic disease Signup and view all the answers

How is rhinovirus infection typically transmitted?

Aerosol droplet and hand to nose contact Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary site of infection for rhinovirus?

Mucosa of the upper respiratory tract and conjunctiva Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of second-generation antihistamines on common cold symptoms?

Has no effect on symptoms Signup and view all the answers

What is the minimum daily dose of elemental zinc required to reduce the duration of common cold symptoms?

75 mg Signup and view all the answers

What is a common cause of bronchitis in infants?

Respiratory Syncytial virus Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary mode of transmission for Respiratory Syncytial virus?

Respiratory droplets Signup and view all the answers

What is a symptom of Respiratory Syncytial virus infection?

Wheezing and breathing difficulties Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Chickenpox Vaccine

The chickenpox vaccine is recommended for people 12 months of age or older.
Two doses of the vaccine are recommended, one at 12-15 months old and another at 4-6 years old.
People 13 years of age and older who have never had chickenpox or received the vaccine should get two doses, 28 days apart.

ProQuad Vaccine

ProQuad is a combination vaccine that contains measles, mumps, rubella, and varicella (chickenpox) vaccines.
It is licensed for use in children 12 months through 12 years old.

Herpes Zoster (Shingles)

Herpes zoster is a recurrent infection caused by the reactivation, multiplication, and spread of the virus among the ganglion.
Symptoms include:
- Pre-eruptive phase: headache, tiredness, sensitivity to light, and fever.
- Acute eruptive phase (2-4 weeks): rash, macules, and clusters of fluid-filled blisters that crust over.
- Pain, burning, numbness, or tingling.
The rash typically develops on one side of the torso, one eye, or the neck or face.
Complications include:
- Post-herpetic neuralgia (PHN), which is long-term nerve pain that persists after relief of blisters.
- Reactivation increases with age, weakened immune system, and emotional stress.

Diagnosis and Treatment

Diagnosis is made through direct fluorescent antibody (DFA) testing of vesicular fluid or a corneal lesion, and PCR.
Treatment is usually symptomatic, but may include:
- Oral acyclovir or valacyclovir for severe cases.
- Analgesics, corticosteroids, and adjuvant analgesics like gabapentin or pregabalin.
- Topical lidocaine patch 5%, gabapentin, pregabalin, opioids, tricyclic antidepressants (TCAs), and topical capsaicin cream and patch.

Avian Influenza

Human infections with avian influenza A(H5N1) viruses were first reported in 1997 in Hong Kong.
Human infections with avian influenza A(H7N9) viruses were first reported in 2013 in China.
Symptoms include:
- Flu-like symptoms
- Conjunctivitis
- Pneumonia
- Severe respiratory distress
- Death
Prevention involves:
- Avoiding contact with infected poultry or contaminated surfaces.
- Hand hygiene and good food handling.

Swine Flu

The swine flu virus is A/H1N1pdm09.
It was declared a pandemic by the WHO in 2009, but the pandemic was declared over in 2010.
Symptoms include:
- Fever, cough, sore throat, body aches, headache, chills, and fatigue.
- Vomiting and diarrhea are more common in swine flu than in seasonal flu.
- Severe cases can lead to pneumonia, ARDS, sepsis, and death.
Treatment involves:
- Antivirals like oseltamivir, zanamivir, and peramivir.
- NAIs are susceptible to M2 blockers.

Corona Viruses

Corona viruses are positive-strand RNA viruses.
There are four main subtypes: alpha, beta, gamma, and delta.
Symptoms include:
- Respiratory symptoms
- Fever
- Cough
- Shortness of breath and breathing difficulties
In more severe cases, infection can cause pneumonia, severe acute respiratory syndrome, renal failure, and even death.
SARS-CoV was first recognized in China in 2002 and caused 774 deaths worldwide.
Since 2004, there have been no known cases of SARS-CoV.
Transmission occurs through:
- Hand-to-mucus-membrane contact
- Respiratory droplets
- Airborne transmission
- T-zone contact (eyes, nose, and mouth)

General Prevention Measures

Standard recommendations to reduce exposure to and transmission of a range of illnesses include:
- Washing hands with soap and water or using alcohol-based hand rubs.
- Covering mouth and nose when coughing and sneezing.
- Avoiding touching eyes, nose, and mouth.
- Adopting safe food practices.
- Avoiding close contact with anyone showing symptoms of respiratory illness.
- Maintaining social distancing.
- Practicing self-quarantine and seeking early medical care.

Rhinoviruses (Common Cold)

Rhinoviruses are the most common cause of the common cold.
Transmission occurs through aerosol droplets and hand-to-nose contact.
Pathogenesis involves infection of the mucosa of the upper respiratory tract and conjunctiva.
Symptoms include sneezing, nasal discharge, sore throat, cough, headache, and chills.
Prevention and treatment involve:
- No vaccination due to the large number of serotypes.
- Symptomatic treatment with NSAIDs, antihistamines, and oral decongestants.

Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV)

Transmission occurs through respiratory droplets.
Clinical findings include:
- Runny nose, coughing, sneezing, fever, decreased appetite, and wheezing.
- Breathing difficulties.
It is a very common cause of bronchitis in infants.

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Description

Learn about the recommended vaccines for chickenpox and measles, including the chickenpox vaccine and ProQuad vaccine, and their administration schedules.