Vaccines and Vaccination

What is the advantage of peptide vaccines in terms of side effects?

They are only effective for a short period
They are more toxic
They have no effect on side effects
They are less toxic (correct)

What is the limitation of peptide vaccines in terms of immunogenicity?

They are more immunogenic than whole-virus vaccines
They are less immunogenic than whole-virus vaccines (correct)
They are equally immunogenic as whole-virus vaccines
They have no effect on immunogenicity

What is the advantage of peptide vaccines in terms of production and quality control?

It is not applicable
It is simpler (correct)
It is equally complex
It is more complex

What is the advantage of recombinant whole virus vaccines in terms of stability?

They are stable (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is the advantage of recombinant whole virus vaccines in terms of immune response?

They stimulate both cellular and humoral immunity (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the advantage of recombinant whole virus vaccines in terms of cost?

They are relatively cheap (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the advantage of ISCOMS in terms of antigen presentation?

They are composed of adjuvant and antigen held in a cage-like structure (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the potential of recombinant whole virus vaccines?

They can produce polyvalent live vaccines (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of a vaccine?

To establish immunity to a disease (B) Signup and view all the answers

What type of vaccine contains killed microorganisms?

Type A vaccine (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of conjugate vaccines?

To link polysaccharide outer coats to proteins (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the main component of synthetic vaccines?

Synthetic peptides, carbohydrates, or antigens (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the advantage of recombinant viral antigen subunit vaccines?

They are available in unlimited quantities and have simpler production and quality control processes (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of recombinant DNA vaccines?

To establish immunity to a disease (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the major drawback of expressing virus proteins in E. coli cells?

The proteins are not glycosylated (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the basis of synthetic peptide vaccines?

Identification of immunogenic sites (A) Signup and view all the answers

What are anti-idiotypes being used to induce immunity against?

A wide range of viruses (B) Signup and view all the answers

Where is DNA typically found in a human cell?

Nucleus (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is the probable future of vaccines and vaccination?

Acellular and subcellular vaccines (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of RNA in a cell?

To make proteins (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is a recent development in vaccine production?

Use of genetically modified plants (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is a limitation of toxoid-based vaccines?

The induced response may not always be very strong (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the characteristic of RNA in a cell?

It is unstable and falls apart in hours (C) Signup and view all the answers

What are potential areas of focus for vaccines in the future?

Against allergies, hepatitis, tuberculosis, and HIV (B) Signup and view all the answers

What happens to the cell at the end of the viral replication process?

It bursts releasing viruses (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of the spike protein in a virus?

To enter the cell (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is a potential use of vaccines in the future?

To treat drug addicts (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the main difference between a DNA virus and an RNA virus?

The location of viral replication (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is being explored for cancer treatment?

Tumor-specific antigens and heat shock proteins (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is the goal of subunit vaccine development for tuberculosis?

To develop a vaccine that is more effective (D) Signup and view all the answers

How does the Oxford/AstraZeneca vaccine work?

It uses an adenovirus protein shell with synthetic DNA (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the result of the Oxford/AstraZeneca vaccine?

The spike protein is released to activate the immune system (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of the synthetic fatty coat in RNA vaccines?

To mimic the cell membrane and facilitate entry into the cell (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the coronavirus spike protein in the vaccine?

To be presented to the immune system to stimulate an immune response (C) Signup and view all the answers

What happens to the synthetic RNA in the cytoplasm after it has done its job?

It is naturally degraded by enzymes within hours (B) Signup and view all the answers

How do antibodies produced in response to the vaccine protect against infection?

By binding to the spike protein on the virus and preventing infection (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the difference between the Oxford vaccine and RNA vaccines?

The Oxford vaccine uses a protein shell, while RNA vaccines use a fatty coat (D) Signup and view all the answers

What happens to the DNA in the Oxford vaccine?

It is naturally degraded by enzymes within hours (D) Signup and view all the answers

Why are RNA vaccines considered highly purified?

Because they contain few contaminants and small amounts of polyethylene glycol (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is a common limitation of previous generations of vaccines?

That they are contaminated with other proteins (C) Signup and view all the answers