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Questions and Answers
What is the primary function of an adjuvant in a vaccine?
What type of vaccine contains immunological structural proteins or metabolites of an organism?
What is the main difference between active and passive immunization?
What is the purpose of restriction enzymes in RFLP analysis?
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What is the advantage of qPCR over traditional PCR?
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What is the result of type I hypersensitivity in vaccination?
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What is the role of stabilizers in vaccine preparation?
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What is the characteristic of a live attenuated vaccine?
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What is the purpose of electrophoresis?
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What is the function of a probe in hybridization?
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What is the primary purpose of administering antigens in a vaccine?
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Which type of vaccine is most likely to return to virulence?
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What is the primary advantage of using recombinant organism vaccines?
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What is the purpose of restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) analysis?
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What is the primary characteristic of a non-infectious vaccine?
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What is the primary purpose of using electrophoresis in molecular biology?
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What is the primary characteristic of nucleic acid amplification?
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What is the primary advantage of using hybridization in molecular biology?
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What is the primary disadvantage of using passive immunization?
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What is the primary characteristic of an ideal vaccine?
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Study Notes
Vaccine and Ideal Vaccine
- A vaccine is a suspension of antigens that induce immunity when administered.
- Components of a vaccine include stabilizers, antibiotics, and adjuvants, which enhance the immune response and delay the release of antigens from the injection site.
- Ideal vaccine characteristics include being inexpensive, consistent, stable, and inducing long-lived immunity with no adverse effects.
Types of Vaccines
Infectious Vaccines
- Live attenuated vaccines are viable and intact, but have reduced virulence, and can cause low-level infection.
- Recombinant organism vaccines are "human modified" and do not require adjuvants, with no risk of returning to virulence.
Non-Infectious Vaccines
- Characteristics of non-infectious vaccines include being antigenically intact, unable to replicate or induce pathology.
- Types of non-infectious vaccines include chemically killed, subunit, recombinant proteins, and naked DNA vaccines.
Active and Passive Vaccination
- Active immunization involves administering antigens, which induces an immune response in the recipient, including humoral and cellular responses.
- Passive immunization involves physically administering antibodies, providing immediate but temporary protection.
Adverse Effects of Vaccination
- Type I hypersensitivity reactions, such as facial swelling, can occur.
- Feline injection site sarcoma (FISS) is a potential adverse effect.
Electrophoresis and RFLP
Electrophoresis
- Separation of charged molecules in an electrophoretic field, with negative molecules moving towards the positively charged end.
- Smaller molecules move faster than larger ones, with a specific structure in movement.
RFLP
- Use of restriction enzymes to analyze differences within homologous DNA sequences.
- Restriction enzymes cut DNA at specific recognition nucleotide sequences.
- Uses include forensic analysis, identifying mixed infections, and parenthood identification.
Hybridization and Probe
- Hybridization involves denatured, single-stranded DNA that allows the probe to bind with the complementary single-stranded sequence.
- A probe is a fragment of nucleic acids that is labeled to detect specific sequences in samples.
Nucleic Acid Amplification (PCR)
- Utilizes primers, which are single-stranded DNA fragments, complementary to sequences around the region needing to be amplified.
- Types of PCR include qPCR (real-time PCR) and LAMP (room temperature PCR).
Protein Detection
- Gel electrophoresis and microarray techniques are used to detect proteins.
- Examples include western blot, SDS PAGE, and mass spectrometry.
Molecular Diagnostics
- Use of DNA, RNA, and proteins to identify pathogens.
- Advantages include being safe to use and reducing dependency on culture.
- Sensitivity refers to identifying true positive results, while specificity refers to identifying true negative results.
Vaccine and Ideal Vaccine
- A vaccine is a suspension of antigens that induce immunity when administered.
- Components of a vaccine include stabilizers, antibiotics, and adjuvants, which enhance the immune response and delay the release of antigens from the injection site.
- Ideal vaccine characteristics include being inexpensive, consistent, stable, and inducing long-lived immunity with no adverse effects.
Types of Vaccines
Infectious Vaccines
- Live attenuated vaccines are viable and intact, but have reduced virulence, and can cause low-level infection.
- Recombinant organism vaccines are "human modified" and do not require adjuvants, with no risk of returning to virulence.
Non-Infectious Vaccines
- Characteristics of non-infectious vaccines include being antigenically intact, unable to replicate or induce pathology.
- Types of non-infectious vaccines include chemically killed, subunit, recombinant proteins, and naked DNA vaccines.
Active and Passive Vaccination
- Active immunization involves administering antigens, which induces an immune response in the recipient, including humoral and cellular responses.
- Passive immunization involves physically administering antibodies, providing immediate but temporary protection.
Adverse Effects of Vaccination
- Type I hypersensitivity reactions, such as facial swelling, can occur.
- Feline injection site sarcoma (FISS) is a potential adverse effect.
Electrophoresis and RFLP
Electrophoresis
- Separation of charged molecules in an electrophoretic field, with negative molecules moving towards the positively charged end.
- Smaller molecules move faster than larger ones, with a specific structure in movement.
RFLP
- Use of restriction enzymes to analyze differences within homologous DNA sequences.
- Restriction enzymes cut DNA at specific recognition nucleotide sequences.
- Uses include forensic analysis, identifying mixed infections, and parenthood identification.
Hybridization and Probe
- Hybridization involves denatured, single-stranded DNA that allows the probe to bind with the complementary single-stranded sequence.
- A probe is a fragment of nucleic acids that is labeled to detect specific sequences in samples.
Nucleic Acid Amplification (PCR)
- Utilizes primers, which are single-stranded DNA fragments, complementary to sequences around the region needing to be amplified.
- Types of PCR include qPCR (real-time PCR) and LAMP (room temperature PCR).
Protein Detection
- Gel electrophoresis and microarray techniques are used to detect proteins.
- Examples include western blot, SDS PAGE, and mass spectrometry.
Molecular Diagnostics
- Use of DNA, RNA, and proteins to identify pathogens.
- Advantages include being safe to use and reducing dependency on culture.
- Sensitivity refers to identifying true positive results, while specificity refers to identifying true negative results.
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Description
Learn about the components of a vaccine, including antigens, stabilizers, antibiotics, and adjuvants, and the ideal characteristics of a vaccine, such as being inexpensive and stable. Test your knowledge on vaccine development and immunology.
