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Questions and Answers
What is the difference between prevalence and incidence?
What is the difference between prevalence and incidence?
- Prevalence is the overall death rate in a population, while incidence measures the burden of disease in a population at risk.
- Prevalence measures the total number of cases at any time in a given population, while incidence measures the number of new cases occurring over a specific period in a given population. (correct)
- Prevalence measures the risk of an individual contracting a disease, while incidence reflects the overall impact of the disease on society.
- Prevalence is the percentage of the population that dies from a specific disease, while incidence is the overall death rate in a population.
What does case-fatality rate measure?
What does case-fatality rate measure?
- The number of new cases occurring over a specific period in a given population.
- The percentage of the population that dies from a specific disease. (correct)
- The overall death rate in a population.
- The total number of cases at any time in a given population.
What distinguishes common/single-source epidemics from propagated epidemics?
What distinguishes common/single-source epidemics from propagated epidemics?
- Common/single-source epidemics occur over a larger region, while propagated epidemics occur within a localized area.
- Common/single-source epidemics have a slow rise in cases, while propagated epidemics have a rapid rise in cases.
- Common/single-source epidemics are caused by non-communicable diseases, while propagated epidemics are caused by communicable diseases.
- Common/single-source epidemics result from exposure to a single source of the pathogen, while propagated epidemics suggest contagious disease spreading in the population. (correct)
What characterizes a pandemic?
What characterizes a pandemic?
What is the role of gut microbiota in food digestion?
What is the role of gut microbiota in food digestion?
How does gut microbiota become colonized and change with age?
How does gut microbiota become colonized and change with age?
How does the gut microbiota impact the host immune system?
How does the gut microbiota impact the host immune system?
What are commensals in the context of gut microbiota?
What are commensals in the context of gut microbiota?
What is gene richness in the context of microbiota?
What is gene richness in the context of microbiota?
What is colonization resistance related to gut microbiota?
What is colonization resistance related to gut microbiota?
How do factors like smoking, antibiotics, and diet alter the microbiota?
How do factors like smoking, antibiotics, and diet alter the microbiota?
What is dysbiosis associated with?
What is dysbiosis associated with?
Which type of vaccine contains weakened live pathogens?
Which type of vaccine contains weakened live pathogens?
What is the term for the transfer of genetic material between bacterial cells?
What is the term for the transfer of genetic material between bacterial cells?
Inactivated vaccines contain which type of pathogens?
Inactivated vaccines contain which type of pathogens?
What do purified antigens (toxoids/subunit vaccines) require to stimulate an immune response effectively?
What do purified antigens (toxoids/subunit vaccines) require to stimulate an immune response effectively?
What is the term for integrated viral genomes within a bacterium's DNA that can carry virulence factors?
What is the term for integrated viral genomes within a bacterium's DNA that can carry virulence factors?
What type of immunity prevents infection completely?
What type of immunity prevents infection completely?
What type of infections persist for a long duration?
What type of infections persist for a long duration?
What term is used for large DNA segments in a microbial genome?
What term is used for large DNA segments in a microbial genome?
Which type of vaccine is made from specific parts of a pathogen?
Which type of vaccine is made from specific parts of a pathogen?
Which term describes the ability of a pathogen to cause disease?
Which term describes the ability of a pathogen to cause disease?
What is the term for the uptake of external DNA by a bacterial cell?
What is the term for the uptake of external DNA by a bacterial cell?
Which type of toxin affects the nervous system?
Which type of toxin affects the nervous system?
What are the B subunits of AB toxins responsible for?
What are the B subunits of AB toxins responsible for?
Which bacteria produce toxic shock syndrome toxin-1 causing toxic shock syndrome?
Which bacteria produce toxic shock syndrome toxin-1 causing toxic shock syndrome?
What is the cause of 'Scalded Child Syndrome'?
What is the cause of 'Scalded Child Syndrome'?
What is the main objective of the Human Microbiome Project?
What is the main objective of the Human Microbiome Project?
Which factor contributes to tissue damage due to chronic inflammation?
Which factor contributes to tissue damage due to chronic inflammation?
What is the primary difference between exotoxins and endotoxins?
What is the primary difference between exotoxins and endotoxins?
What do superantigens do?
What do superantigens do?
What is a strategy used by bacteria to avoid host defenses?
What is a strategy used by bacteria to avoid host defenses?
Which organisms are part of the gut microbiota?
Which organisms are part of the gut microbiota?
Which bacterial phyla are dominant in the gut microbiota?
Which bacterial phyla are dominant in the gut microbiota?
Which type of transmission occurs from pregnant woman to fetus?
Which type of transmission occurs from pregnant woman to fetus?
What distinguishes endemic diseases from outbreaks?
What distinguishes endemic diseases from outbreaks?
What is the purpose of contact tracing in epidemiology?
What is the purpose of contact tracing in epidemiology?
What are reservoirs in the context of epidemiology?
What are reservoirs in the context of epidemiology?
Which type of immunity protects against microbial invasion as a first-line defense?
Which type of immunity protects against microbial invasion as a first-line defense?
$PRRs$ and $PAMPs$ are crucial components of which type of immunity?
$PRRs$ and $PAMPs$ are crucial components of which type of immunity?
What type of epidemic results from exposure to a single source?
What type of epidemic results from exposure to a single source?
What is the primary purpose of prospective studies in epidemiology?
What is the primary purpose of prospective studies in epidemiology?
What characteristics influence disease epidemiology in the context of pathogens and hosts?
What characteristics influence disease epidemiology in the context of pathogens and hosts?
What is the purpose of descriptive studies in epidemiology?
What is the purpose of descriptive studies in epidemiology?
What is the primary origin of many emerging human infectious diseases?
What is the primary origin of many emerging human infectious diseases?
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Study Notes
Epidemiology and Disease Emergence
- Endemic diseases are constantly present in a population, while an outbreak is a sudden increase in disease cases over a specific time.
- Reservoirs are natural habitats where pathogens live, and vectors are living organisms that can carry and transmit pathogens.
- Contact tracing aggressively tracks down individuals exposed to a contagious disease to prevent further spread.
- Vertical transmission occurs from pregnant woman to fetus, while horizontal transmission is person-to-person via various means.
- Mechanisms of spread include fomites, droplet transmission, and natural host, transmission host, and terminal host distinctions.
- Prospective, cross-sectional, and retrospective studies predict disease tendencies, identify risk factors, and compare causative events following an outbreak, respectively.
- Pathogen and host characteristics such as virulence, immunity, and age influence disease epidemiology.
- Descriptive studies collect data on outbreak occurrence, analytical studies determine relevant risk factors, and experimental studies study cause and effect.
- Common-source epidemics result from exposure to a single source, while propagated epidemics spread contagiously in the population.
- Many emerging human infectious diseases have a zoonotic origin, transmitted from animals to humans.
- Human, environmental, and microbial factors contribute to the emergence of diseases, which can be classified based on various scenarios.
- Immunity and Vaccines: First-line defenses, innate immune responses, and adaptive immune responses protect against microbial invasion. The immune system distinguishes between self and non-self and activates the complement cascade. Major immune cell subsets and functions, PRRs and PAMPs, and the inflammatory response are crucial in immunity. Adaptive and innate immunity, humoral and cell-mediated immunity, antigens and epitopes, primary and secondary antibody responses, antibody functions, antigen presentation, and principles of active and passive immunity are key concepts.
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