Podcast
Questions and Answers
What is the primary purpose of herd immunity?
What is the primary purpose of herd immunity?
Which vaccine type involves using inactivated toxins produced by bacteria?
Which vaccine type involves using inactivated toxins produced by bacteria?
At what age is a dose of the pneumococcal vaccine typically administered?
At what age is a dose of the pneumococcal vaccine typically administered?
What was the significant contribution of Edward Jenner to vaccination?
What was the significant contribution of Edward Jenner to vaccination?
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Which of the following vaccine types is generated by extracting DNA for the protein coat and growing it in yeast cells?
Which of the following vaccine types is generated by extracting DNA for the protein coat and growing it in yeast cells?
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What is the recommended schedule for HPV vaccinations?
What is the recommended schedule for HPV vaccinations?
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Which method is used to create killed vaccines?
Which method is used to create killed vaccines?
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What is the role of restriction enzymes in plasmid engineering for vaccines?
What is the role of restriction enzymes in plasmid engineering for vaccines?
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Study Notes
Vaccination Overview
- Edward Jenner developed the concept of vaccination in the 1800s, using cowpox to protect against smallpox.
- Herd immunity occurs when a large portion of a population is vaccinated, creating protection for those who aren't vaccinated. This reduces the pathogen's ability to spread.
- Historically, leading causes of death changed from infectious diseases to chronic diseases (e.g., heart disease, cancer). Vaccines have dramatically reduced deaths from infectious diseases.
Vaccine Types and Production
- Live attenuated: Weakened forms of the virus are grown in a different environment, creating a safer, more manageable form. Examples include measles and some influenza vaccines.
- Killed: Viruses grown in culture, then killed through heat, radiation, etc. These vaccines use inactive pathogens. Examples include polio, typhoid, and rabies.
- Toxoid: Involves isolating toxins from bacteria, then neutralizing them. These weakened toxins are then used in the vaccine. Examples include tetanus and diphtheria vaccines.
- Subunit: DNA from the pathogen protein coats is extracted and grown in yeast cells to create the protein coat as a vaccine. This is used in Hepatitis B, Anthrax, and similar vaccines.
- Naked DNA: Virus genes inserted into vectors (bacterias) that replicate them in a growth medium to produce a vaccine. Examples include AIDS, HIV, herpes vaccines.
- Plasmid Engineering: Recombinant DNA methods use different DNA sources to create genetic material that can be used in vaccines.
Vaccine Administration
- Vaccines can be injected (arm, leg, or buttock). Some, like the flu vaccine, can be delivered orally.
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Description
Explore the history and importance of vaccination, from Edward Jenner's early experiments to the concept of herd immunity. Learn about different types of vaccines, including live attenuated, killed, and toxoid, and how they contribute to public health.
