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Questions and Answers
What year was the smallpox vaccine developed by Edward Jenner?
What year was the smallpox vaccine developed by Edward Jenner?
- 1803
- 1796 (correct)
- 1821
- 1789
Which disease was the focus of Edward Jenner's vaccination efforts?
Which disease was the focus of Edward Jenner's vaccination efforts?
- Influenza
- Polio
- Measles
- Smallpox (correct)
What source did Edward Jenner use to develop the smallpox vaccine?
What source did Edward Jenner use to develop the smallpox vaccine?
- Cowpox pustules (correct)
- Infected blood
- Chickenpox virus
- Plant extracts
What was a significant outcome of Edward Jenner's work?
What was a significant outcome of Edward Jenner's work?
What general practice was initiated by Edward Jenner’s vaccination approach?
What general practice was initiated by Edward Jenner’s vaccination approach?
Who discovered the causative agents of tuberculosis and cholera?
Who discovered the causative agents of tuberculosis and cholera?
What term did Louis Pasteur coin to describe his vaccination method using weakened bacteria?
What term did Louis Pasteur coin to describe his vaccination method using weakened bacteria?
Which disease did Louis Pasteur demonstrate the effectiveness of vaccination for using weakened bacteria?
Which disease did Louis Pasteur demonstrate the effectiveness of vaccination for using weakened bacteria?
In what year did Robert Koch discover the causative agent of tuberculosis?
In what year did Robert Koch discover the causative agent of tuberculosis?
Which of the following was not a contribution of Louis Pasteur?
Which of the following was not a contribution of Louis Pasteur?
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Study Notes
Birth of Vaccination
- Edward Jenner introduced the smallpox vaccine in 1796 using cowpox material.
Koch’s Discovery
- Robert Koch discovered the causative agents of tuberculosis in 1882 and cholera in 1883, contributing significantly to microbiology.
Louis Pasteur's Advances
- Louis Pasteur enhanced vaccination techniques by using weakened bacteria, creating the foundation for modern vaccines.
- He demonstrated the effectiveness of vaccines in animals, notably chickens infected with cholera.
- Coined the term "vaccine" derived from 'vacca', the Latin word for cow, highlighting the origin of the first vaccine.
B Cells and T Cells
- B cells are responsible for recognizing circulating antigens and producing specific antibodies.
- T cells identify processed antigens presented by other cells, playing a crucial role in cell-mediated immunity.
Lymphocytes Diversity
- Lymphocytes are capable of generating an extensive variety of antigen receptors, ranging from 10^9 to 10^16 unique types of antibodies or T cell receptors.
Defense Mechanisms
- Antigen-specific recognition occurs through B cell receptors (BCR) and T cell receptors (TCR).
- Cytotoxic T cells (CD8+ T cells) directly kill cells infected with pathogens by recognizing antigens displayed with MHC Class I molecules.
- Helper T cells (CD4+ T cells) aid in activating and regulating other immune responses by releasing cytokines.
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