Importance of Vaccination and Vaccine History
64 Questions
3 Views

Choose a study mode

Play Quiz
Study Flashcards
Spaced Repetition
Chat to lesson

Podcast

Play an AI-generated podcast conversation about this lesson

Questions and Answers

What is the primary goal of vaccination in terms of public health?

  • To eliminate pathogens from the environment
  • To cure existing diseases
  • To ensure natural immunity through exposure
  • To stimulate the host immune system (correct)

    • Which statement best describes the difference between protection from disease and protection from infection?

  • Protection from infection is guaranteed by vaccination alone.
  • Protection from infection implies that the pathogen cannot invade the body at all.
  • Protection from disease refers to preventing clinically apparent illness. (correct)
  • Protection from disease means being completely immune to the pathogen.

    • What two types of immunity do memory B and T cells provide in the immune response?

  • Natural and artificial immunity
  • Immediate and delayed responses
  • Primary and secondary immune responses (correct)
  • Innate and adaptive immunity

    • How do polysaccharide conjugate vaccines enhance the immune response?

    <p>By linking polysaccharides to carrier proteins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What factors influence the ability of vaccination to interrupt pathogen transmission?

    <p>Length of the pathogen's incubation period</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the primary purpose of variolation in the 11th century?

    <p>To provide immunity through exposure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was Edward Jenner's contribution to immunization?

    <p>Introduced cowpox to combat smallpox</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do vaccines primarily influence disease impact?

    <p>They significantly reduce disease severity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one major consequence of vaccine hesitancy?

    <p>Reduced efficacy of vaccination programs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was one of the significant outcomes of using the cowpox vaccine?

    <p>It led to the eradication of smallpox</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following vaccines is often less available in developing nations?

    <p>Rubella vaccine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What percentage of the population should ideally have medical exemptions from vaccinations?

    <p>Around 1%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the smallpox vaccine use to trigger immune response?

    <p>Cowpox/Vaccinia virus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of active vaccination?

    <p>To modify the pathogen to induce long-term immunity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does natural passive immunization primarily function?

    <p>By the transfer of maternal IgG to the fetus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What significant change occurred in 2023 regarding RSV prevention?

    <p>Approval of ABRYSVO for use during pregnancy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of antibody is primarily transferred from mother to fetus during natural passive immunization?

    <p>IgG</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of convalescent serum in treating emerging pathogens?

    <p>To supply antibodies from recovered patients to newly infected individuals</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of immunity involves the administration of monoclonal antibodies?

    <p>Passive artificial immunity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement about RSV infection and its impact on children is true?

    <p>1-2% of infected children require hospitalization</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characterizes artificial passive immunity?

    <p>Temporary protection due to antibody transfer from another person</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key difference between active and passive immunity?

    <p>Active immunity requires an immune response; passive does not</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was a notable effect of the smallpox vaccine developed by Edward Jenner?

    <p>It eradicated smallpox from humanity.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which main concern emerged shortly after the smallpox vaccine became available?

    <p>It would lead to the development of cow parts in vaccinated individuals.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the general fatality rate of variola major compared to variolation practice?

    <p>Variolation has a lower fatality rate than variola major.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary characteristic of active vaccination?

    <p>It induces immunity by using a modified form of the pathogen.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key benefit attributed to vaccines according to public health measures?

    <p>They significantly reduce disease severity.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many lives does WHO estimate are saved annually due to immunization programs?

    <p>2-3 million</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does natural passive immunization primarily benefit an infant?

    <p>Via the transfer of IgG through the placenta.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a newly approved artificial passive immunity for infants in 2023?

    <p>Nirsevima</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What factor could potentially reduce the efficacy of vaccine programs?

    <p>Widespread vaccine hesitancy.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main use of convalescent serum in the context of emerging pathogens?

    <p>To provide immediate treatment options during outbreaks.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the fate of smallpox after the successful implementation of vaccination?

    <p>It was completely eradicated.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common misconception about how vaccines function?

    <p>Vaccines prevent infections completely.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What percentage of children is generally infected by Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV) by the age of 2?

    <p>Virtually all</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What historical practice involved deliberate inoculation using smallpox scabs?

    <p>Variolation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During what timeframe is the ABRYSVO vaccine recommended for use in pregnant women?

    <p>Between 32-36 weeks gestation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a fundamental difference between monoclonal antibodies and traditional antibodies in immunology?

    <p>Monoclonal antibodies target a single epitope.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which group represents a small percentage of the population that might have medical exemptions from vaccinations?

    <p>Individuals with severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID).</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of immunity does administering antibodies directly to a patient represent?

    <p>Artificial Passive Immunization</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What complication might arise in severe cases of RSV infection in infants?

    <p>Necessity for oxygen or mechanical ventilation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What can be a significant outcome of vaccination of pregnant women regarding their newborns?

    <p>It can provide short-term protection to the baby.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one of the primary benefits of vaccination for public health?

    <p>It helps break the chain of transmission of diseases.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which mechanism distinguishes protection from disease and protection from infection?

    <p>Protection from disease prevents symptoms, while protection from infection stops the pathogen.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characterizes the role of memory B and T cells in the immune response?

    <p>They provide a quicker and more robust response upon subsequent exposures.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of vaccine utilizes polysaccharide from pathogens to improve immune response?

    <p>Polysaccharide conjugate vaccines</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does passive immunization provide early protection during a pandemic?

    <p>It transfers antibodies directly to individuals.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key aspect of a primary immune response?

    <p>It takes longer to develop while the immune system learns.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What factor primarily influences the effectiveness of a vaccine in interrupting transmission?

    <p>The length of the pathogen's incubation period.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What defines natural passive immunity?

    <p>Direct transfer of maternal antibodies to the fetus.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a significant benefit of vaccination in breaking the chain of pathogen transmission?

    <p>It fosters community immunity, protecting even unvaccinated individuals.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one of the characteristics of a conjugate vaccine?

    <p>It links polysaccharide antigens to a protein for enhanced response.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type length of protection does passive immunization have?

    <p>Short term protection</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Regarding the active vaccine ABRYSVO, what was the protein in question for the randomized trial for RSV?

    <p>Recombinant prefusion F protein</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Regarding NIRSEVIMAB (artificial passive immunity), what was the protein in question?

    <p>Prefusion conformation of F protein</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the "right" kind of immune response for a viral pathogen?

    <p>CD4+ TH1 for a viral pathogen</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What isoform is expressed to distinguish memory/effector T cells from naive cells?

    <p>CD45</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Naive T cells express what isoform?

    <p>CD45RA</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Memory T cells express what isoform?

    <p>CD45RO</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is necessary for effective vaccines to induce affinity maturation and memory B cell formation?

    <p>Activation of helper CD4+ T cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which characteristic is associated with vaccines designed for bacteria encapsulated with a polysaccharide?

    <p>They poorly stimulate T cells.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements is true concerning helper T cells in vaccination?

    <p>Only CD4+ T cells aid in affinity maturation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role do helper CD4+ T cells play in the effectiveness of a vaccine?

    <p>They are essential for the activation of B cells.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a challenge faced in designing vaccines for polysaccharide-encapsulated bacteria?

    <p>They do not effectively stimulate T cell activation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Importance of Vaccination

    • Vaccination is our best defense against pathogens
    • Vaccination stimulates the host immune system to prevent disease
    • Vaccination helps break the chain of transmission
    • The ability of a vaccine to interrupt transmission depends on the pathogen's incubation period and how it spreads

    Vaccine History

    • Variolation was an early method, involving deliberate nasal inoculation with smallpox scabs
    • Variolation had a 2-3% fatality rate
    • Edward Jenner in 1796 was the first to use cowpox to protect against smallpox

    Smallpox Vaccine

    • The cowpox/vaccinia virus used by Jenner triggers antibody production that cross-reacts with smallpox/variola virus antigens
    • The smallpox vaccine led to the eradication of smallpox
    • The smallpox vaccine saved ~5 million lives per year

    Large-Scale Vaccination Campaigns

    • The World Health Organization (WHO) estimates 2-3 million lives are saved annually by current immunization programs
    • Vaccine inequality is a challenge in many developing nations

    Vaccine Hesitancy and Exemptions

    • Vaccine hesitancy can reduce vaccine program efficacy
    • Medical exemptions to vaccinations are indicated in rare cases, should not exceed ~1% of the population

    Passive vs. Active Immunization

    • Passive Immunization: administration of immune response products (usually antibodies)
      • Offers short-term protection
    • Active Immunization: administration of a modified pathogen or its components to induce immunity
      • Offers longer-term protection

    Natural Passive Immunization

    • IgG in maternal circulation is passively transmitted to the fetus in utero
    • Maternal vaccination can protect the baby for the first six months of life

    Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV)

    • RSV causes severe respiratory illness in young children
    • Virtually all children are infected by age 2
    • 1-2% of infected children require hospitalization

    Prevention of RSV Disease

    • Active Vaccine: ABRYSVO (new in 2023)
      • Randomized, placebo-controlled Phase 3 trial showed effectiveness against lower respiratory tract illness
      • Recommended for pregnant women during RSV season (32-36 weeks gestation)
    • Artificial Passive Immunization: Nirsevima (new in 2023)
      • Approved for infants

    Convalescent Plasma and Monoclonal Antibodies

    • Convalescent Serum: plasma from individuals who have recovered from a disease
      • Can be used for treatment of new pathogens
      • Used for treatment of some COVID-19 patients
    • Monoclonal antibodies: target specific epitopes on a pathogen
      • Used early in COVID-19 treatment before the emergence of resistant variants

    History of Vaccines

    • Vaccines are the best defense against pathogens
    • Vaccination mobilizes the host immune system to prevent disease
    • Vaccination helps interrupt disease transmission
    • Variolation was a method of deliberate nasal inoculation practiced in China in the 11th century (2-3% fatality rate)
    • Edward Jenner used cowpox inoculation to protect against Smallpox in 1796
    • Smallpox/Vaccinia virus triggers production of antibodies that cross-react with smallpox antigens
    • Smallpox eradication saved approximately 5 million lives per year

    ### Vaccine Hesitancy

    •  Vaccine hesitancy can reduce overall vaccine program efficacy

    Active vs. Passive Immunization

    • Passive immunization - Administer the products of the immune response (typically antibodies) provides short-term protection
    • Active vaccination - Administers a modified form of the pathogen or material derived from it that induces immunity, provides longer-term protection
    • Natural Passive Immunization: IgG is passively transmitted to the fetus in utero via placenta, IgG levels slowly decline after birth
    • Vaccination of pregnant women protects the baby for the first ~6 months of life

    Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV)

    • RSV can cause Bronchiolitis or Pneumonia
    • Virtually all children become infected with RSV by age two
    • ~1-2% of children with RSV require hospitalization

    Prevention of RSV Disease

    • Active Vaccine: ABRYSVO (approved in 2023) is a recombinant prefusion F protein vaccine given to pregnant women
    • Passive Immunity: Nirsevima (approved in 2023) is a monoclonal antibody administered to infants

    Artificial Passive Immunization

    • Uses convalescent serum (high titer) typically during pandemic or epidemic emergence
    • Convalescent plasma (liquid portion of blood) and monoclonal antibodies can be used to block infection
    • Convalescent plasma has been used for COVID-19 prior to the emergence of resistant variants

    ### Social Impact of Vaccines

    •  WHO estimates 2-3 million lives saved due to vaccination programs annually
    •  Vaccine inequality exists in developing countries
    •  Estimated 1.5 year decrease in US life expectancy in 2020

    Vaccine Efficacy

    • Effective vaccines activate helper CD4+ T cells which induce affinity maturation and memory B cell formation

    Bacterial Vaccine Design

    • Vaccines for encapsulated bacteria with poorly stimulating polysaccharides have been designed based on the key role of helper CD4+ T cells.

    Studying That Suits You

    Use AI to generate personalized quizzes and flashcards to suit your learning preferences.

    Quiz Team

    Related Documents

    Immunizations Part 1 Session 17 PDF

    Description

    Explore the significance of vaccination in public health and its historical development. Learn about early methods such as variolation, the groundbreaking work of Edward Jenner, and the impact of the smallpox vaccine. This quiz covers key aspects of immunization campaigns and their effects on global health.

    More Like This

    Use Quizgecko on...
    Browser
    Open
    Browser
    Browser