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Questions and Answers
What is the primary goal of vaccination in terms of public health?
What is the primary goal of vaccination in terms of public health?
- To eliminate pathogens from the environment
- To cure existing diseases
- To ensure natural immunity through exposure
- To stimulate the host immune system (correct)
Which statement best describes the difference between protection from disease and protection from infection?
Which statement best describes the difference between protection from disease and protection from infection?
- Protection from infection is guaranteed by vaccination alone.
- Protection from infection implies that the pathogen cannot invade the body at all.
- Protection from disease refers to preventing clinically apparent illness. (correct)
- Protection from disease means being completely immune to the pathogen.
What two types of immunity do memory B and T cells provide in the immune response?
What two types of immunity do memory B and T cells provide in the immune response?
- Natural and artificial immunity
- Immediate and delayed responses
- Primary and secondary immune responses (correct)
- Innate and adaptive immunity
How do polysaccharide conjugate vaccines enhance the immune response?
How do polysaccharide conjugate vaccines enhance the immune response?
What factors influence the ability of vaccination to interrupt pathogen transmission?
What factors influence the ability of vaccination to interrupt pathogen transmission?
What was the primary purpose of variolation in the 11th century?
What was the primary purpose of variolation in the 11th century?
What was Edward Jenner's contribution to immunization?
What was Edward Jenner's contribution to immunization?
How do vaccines primarily influence disease impact?
How do vaccines primarily influence disease impact?
What is one major consequence of vaccine hesitancy?
What is one major consequence of vaccine hesitancy?
What was one of the significant outcomes of using the cowpox vaccine?
What was one of the significant outcomes of using the cowpox vaccine?
Which of the following vaccines is often less available in developing nations?
Which of the following vaccines is often less available in developing nations?
What percentage of the population should ideally have medical exemptions from vaccinations?
What percentage of the population should ideally have medical exemptions from vaccinations?
What does the smallpox vaccine use to trigger immune response?
What does the smallpox vaccine use to trigger immune response?
What is the primary function of active vaccination?
What is the primary function of active vaccination?
How does natural passive immunization primarily function?
How does natural passive immunization primarily function?
What significant change occurred in 2023 regarding RSV prevention?
What significant change occurred in 2023 regarding RSV prevention?
What type of antibody is primarily transferred from mother to fetus during natural passive immunization?
What type of antibody is primarily transferred from mother to fetus during natural passive immunization?
What is the role of convalescent serum in treating emerging pathogens?
What is the role of convalescent serum in treating emerging pathogens?
What type of immunity involves the administration of monoclonal antibodies?
What type of immunity involves the administration of monoclonal antibodies?
Which statement about RSV infection and its impact on children is true?
Which statement about RSV infection and its impact on children is true?
What characterizes artificial passive immunity?
What characterizes artificial passive immunity?
What is a key difference between active and passive immunity?
What is a key difference between active and passive immunity?
What was a notable effect of the smallpox vaccine developed by Edward Jenner?
What was a notable effect of the smallpox vaccine developed by Edward Jenner?
Which main concern emerged shortly after the smallpox vaccine became available?
Which main concern emerged shortly after the smallpox vaccine became available?
What is the general fatality rate of variola major compared to variolation practice?
What is the general fatality rate of variola major compared to variolation practice?
What is the primary characteristic of active vaccination?
What is the primary characteristic of active vaccination?
What is a key benefit attributed to vaccines according to public health measures?
What is a key benefit attributed to vaccines according to public health measures?
How many lives does WHO estimate are saved annually due to immunization programs?
How many lives does WHO estimate are saved annually due to immunization programs?
How does natural passive immunization primarily benefit an infant?
How does natural passive immunization primarily benefit an infant?
Which of the following is a newly approved artificial passive immunity for infants in 2023?
Which of the following is a newly approved artificial passive immunity for infants in 2023?
What factor could potentially reduce the efficacy of vaccine programs?
What factor could potentially reduce the efficacy of vaccine programs?
What is the main use of convalescent serum in the context of emerging pathogens?
What is the main use of convalescent serum in the context of emerging pathogens?
What was the fate of smallpox after the successful implementation of vaccination?
What was the fate of smallpox after the successful implementation of vaccination?
What is a common misconception about how vaccines function?
What is a common misconception about how vaccines function?
What percentage of children is generally infected by Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV) by the age of 2?
What percentage of children is generally infected by Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV) by the age of 2?
What historical practice involved deliberate inoculation using smallpox scabs?
What historical practice involved deliberate inoculation using smallpox scabs?
During what timeframe is the ABRYSVO vaccine recommended for use in pregnant women?
During what timeframe is the ABRYSVO vaccine recommended for use in pregnant women?
What is a fundamental difference between monoclonal antibodies and traditional antibodies in immunology?
What is a fundamental difference between monoclonal antibodies and traditional antibodies in immunology?
Which group represents a small percentage of the population that might have medical exemptions from vaccinations?
Which group represents a small percentage of the population that might have medical exemptions from vaccinations?
What type of immunity does administering antibodies directly to a patient represent?
What type of immunity does administering antibodies directly to a patient represent?
What complication might arise in severe cases of RSV infection in infants?
What complication might arise in severe cases of RSV infection in infants?
What can be a significant outcome of vaccination of pregnant women regarding their newborns?
What can be a significant outcome of vaccination of pregnant women regarding their newborns?
What is one of the primary benefits of vaccination for public health?
What is one of the primary benefits of vaccination for public health?
Which mechanism distinguishes protection from disease and protection from infection?
Which mechanism distinguishes protection from disease and protection from infection?
What characterizes the role of memory B and T cells in the immune response?
What characterizes the role of memory B and T cells in the immune response?
Which type of vaccine utilizes polysaccharide from pathogens to improve immune response?
Which type of vaccine utilizes polysaccharide from pathogens to improve immune response?
How does passive immunization provide early protection during a pandemic?
How does passive immunization provide early protection during a pandemic?
What is a key aspect of a primary immune response?
What is a key aspect of a primary immune response?
What factor primarily influences the effectiveness of a vaccine in interrupting transmission?
What factor primarily influences the effectiveness of a vaccine in interrupting transmission?
What defines natural passive immunity?
What defines natural passive immunity?
What is a significant benefit of vaccination in breaking the chain of pathogen transmission?
What is a significant benefit of vaccination in breaking the chain of pathogen transmission?
What is one of the characteristics of a conjugate vaccine?
What is one of the characteristics of a conjugate vaccine?
What type length of protection does passive immunization have?
What type length of protection does passive immunization have?
Regarding the active vaccine ABRYSVO, what was the protein in question for the randomized trial for RSV?
Regarding the active vaccine ABRYSVO, what was the protein in question for the randomized trial for RSV?
Regarding NIRSEVIMAB (artificial passive immunity), what was the protein in question?
Regarding NIRSEVIMAB (artificial passive immunity), what was the protein in question?
What is the "right" kind of immune response for a viral pathogen?
What is the "right" kind of immune response for a viral pathogen?
What isoform is expressed to distinguish memory/effector T cells from naive cells?
What isoform is expressed to distinguish memory/effector T cells from naive cells?
Naive T cells express what isoform?
Naive T cells express what isoform?
Memory T cells express what isoform?
Memory T cells express what isoform?
What is necessary for effective vaccines to induce affinity maturation and memory B cell formation?
What is necessary for effective vaccines to induce affinity maturation and memory B cell formation?
Which characteristic is associated with vaccines designed for bacteria encapsulated with a polysaccharide?
Which characteristic is associated with vaccines designed for bacteria encapsulated with a polysaccharide?
Which of the following statements is true concerning helper T cells in vaccination?
Which of the following statements is true concerning helper T cells in vaccination?
What role do helper CD4+ T cells play in the effectiveness of a vaccine?
What role do helper CD4+ T cells play in the effectiveness of a vaccine?
What is a challenge faced in designing vaccines for polysaccharide-encapsulated bacteria?
What is a challenge faced in designing vaccines for polysaccharide-encapsulated bacteria?
Study Notes
Importance of Vaccination
- Vaccination is our best defense against pathogens
- Vaccination stimulates the host immune system to prevent disease
- Vaccination helps break the chain of transmission
- The ability of a vaccine to interrupt transmission depends on the pathogen's incubation period and how it spreads
Vaccine History
- Variolation was an early method, involving deliberate nasal inoculation with smallpox scabs
- Variolation had a 2-3% fatality rate
- Edward Jenner in 1796 was the first to use cowpox to protect against smallpox
Smallpox Vaccine
- The cowpox/vaccinia virus used by Jenner triggers antibody production that cross-reacts with smallpox/variola virus antigens
- The smallpox vaccine led to the eradication of smallpox
- The smallpox vaccine saved ~5 million lives per year
Large-Scale Vaccination Campaigns
- The World Health Organization (WHO) estimates 2-3 million lives are saved annually by current immunization programs
- Vaccine inequality is a challenge in many developing nations
Vaccine Hesitancy and Exemptions
- Vaccine hesitancy can reduce vaccine program efficacy
- Medical exemptions to vaccinations are indicated in rare cases, should not exceed ~1% of the population
Passive vs. Active Immunization
- Passive Immunization: administration of immune response products (usually antibodies)
- Offers short-term protection
- Active Immunization: administration of a modified pathogen or its components to induce immunity
- Offers longer-term protection
Natural Passive Immunization
- IgG in maternal circulation is passively transmitted to the fetus in utero
- Maternal vaccination can protect the baby for the first six months of life
Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV)
- RSV causes severe respiratory illness in young children
- Virtually all children are infected by age 2
- 1-2% of infected children require hospitalization
Prevention of RSV Disease
- Active Vaccine: ABRYSVO (new in 2023)
- Randomized, placebo-controlled Phase 3 trial showed effectiveness against lower respiratory tract illness
- Recommended for pregnant women during RSV season (32-36 weeks gestation)
- Artificial Passive Immunization: Nirsevima (new in 2023)
- Approved for infants
Convalescent Plasma and Monoclonal Antibodies
- Convalescent Serum: plasma from individuals who have recovered from a disease
- Can be used for treatment of new pathogens
- Used for treatment of some COVID-19 patients
- Monoclonal antibodies: target specific epitopes on a pathogen
- Used early in COVID-19 treatment before the emergence of resistant variants
History of Vaccines
- Vaccines are the best defense against pathogens
- Vaccination mobilizes the host immune system to prevent disease
- Vaccination helps interrupt disease transmission
- Variolation was a method of deliberate nasal inoculation practiced in China in the 11th century (2-3% fatality rate)
- Edward Jenner used cowpox inoculation to protect against Smallpox in 1796
- Smallpox/Vaccinia virus triggers production of antibodies that cross-react with smallpox antigens
- Smallpox eradication saved approximately 5 million lives per year
###Â Vaccine Hesitancy
- Â Vaccine hesitancy can reduce overall vaccine program efficacy
Active vs. Passive Immunization
- Passive immunization - Administer the products of the immune response (typically antibodies) provides short-term protection
- Active vaccination -Â Administers a modified form of the pathogen or material derived from it that induces immunity, provides longer-term protection
- Natural Passive Immunization: IgG is passively transmitted to the fetus in utero via placenta, IgG levels slowly decline after birth
- Vaccination of pregnant women protects the baby for the first ~6 months of life
Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV)
- RSV can cause Bronchiolitis or Pneumonia
- Virtually all children become infected with RSV by age two
- ~1-2% of children with RSV require hospitalization
Prevention of RSV Disease
- Active Vaccine: ABRYSVO (approved in 2023) is a recombinant prefusion F protein vaccine given to pregnant women
- Passive Immunity: Nirsevima (approved in 2023) is a monoclonal antibody administered to infants
Artificial Passive Immunization
- Uses convalescent serum (high titer) typically during pandemic or epidemic emergence
- Convalescent plasma (liquid portion of blood) and monoclonal antibodies can be used to block infection
- Convalescent plasma has been used for COVID-19 prior to the emergence of resistant variants
###Â Social Impact of Vaccines
- Â WHO estimates 2-3 million lives saved due to vaccination programs annually
- Â Vaccine inequality exists in developing countries
- Â Estimated 1.5 year decrease in US life expectancy in 2020
Vaccine Efficacy
- Effective vaccines activate helper CD4+ T cells which induce affinity maturation and memory B cell formation
Bacterial Vaccine Design
- Vaccines for encapsulated bacteria with poorly stimulating polysaccharides have been designed based on the key role of helper CD4+ T cells.
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Description
Explore the significance of vaccination in public health and its historical development. Learn about early methods such as variolation, the groundbreaking work of Edward Jenner, and the impact of the smallpox vaccine. This quiz covers key aspects of immunization campaigns and their effects on global health.
