Vaccination History and Impact

Podcast

Play an AI-generated podcast conversation about this lesson

Questions and Answers

What is the role of CXCL13 in the recruitment of GC B cells?

It triggers apoptosis in low-affinity B cells.

It enhances the proliferation of T follicular helper cells.

It attracts GC B cells towards the B cell follicle. (correct)

It modifies the B cell receptor for better antigen binding.

What is the primary purpose of vaccinations?

To cure existing infections

To treat autoimmune diseases

To improve genetic immunity

To prevent future infections (correct)

What is the function of B-cell activating factor (BAFF) in relation to GC B cells?

It binds directly to antigen-presenting cells.

It induces somatic hypermutation in high-affinity B cells.

It regulates the survival of GC B cells. (correct)

It enhances the expression of CXCR5 on B cells.

Which disease was the first to have a vaccine produced?

Smallpox Signup and view all the answers

How do GC B cells interact with T follicular helper cells (TFH cells)?

By presenting processed peptides on peptide-MHCII complexes. Signup and view all the answers

Who invented the smallpox vaccine?

Edward Jenner Signup and view all the answers

What happens to GC B cells that exhibit low-affinity BCRs during the selection process?

They undergo apoptosis due to failure to bind antigen effectively. Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of Mfge8 in the removal of apoptotic GC B cells?

It promotes the binding of apoptotic cells to tingible body macrophages. Signup and view all the answers

What was the mortality rate for smallpox among infected adults?

20–60% Signup and view all the answers

Which virus is noted as being effectively managed through vaccination strategies?

Avian influenza Signup and view all the answers

What method did Pasteur use to create the rabies vaccine?

Desiccation of spinal cords of infected animals Signup and view all the answers

What disease is associated with the term 'Variolae vaccinae'?

Smallpox Signup and view all the answers

To which category do most vaccines belong?

Prophylactic vaccines Signup and view all the answers

What type of vaccines did Pasteur unintentionally produce when he neutralized the agent?

Inactivated vaccines Signup and view all the answers

What significant action did Pasteur take on July 6, 1885?

Inaugurated the Pasteur Institute Signup and view all the answers

What is an epitope also referred to as?

Antigenic determinant Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes linear epitopes from conformational epitopes?

Linear epitopes are formed by a sequence of amino acids that are contiguous. Signup and view all the answers

What role do FDCs play in B-cell activation?

They provide a primary signal through Ag–BCR interaction. Signup and view all the answers

What is a paratope?

The site in an antibody that binds to an epitope Signup and view all the answers

What was a significant outcome of Pasteur's vaccine development?

The beginning of preventive medicine Signup and view all the answers

What type of campaigns supported the establishment of the Pasteur Institute?

An international fund-raising campaign Signup and view all the answers

Which statement correctly describes the recognition of antibodies by B-cells?

B-cells see a continuous or discontinuous series of amino acids. Signup and view all the answers

What happens when BCR and CD21 on B cells are coligated?

There is an increase in phosphorylation of the cytoplasmic tail of CD19. Signup and view all the answers

How do FDCs impact the signaling of B cells during an immune response?

By providing high densities of CD21 ligand to promote positive signaling. Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of iccosomes in the B cell response?

They help in the endocytosis of bound antigens by B cells. Signup and view all the answers

What effect does the high density of FcγRIIB on FDCs have on B cells?

It blocks the inhibitory signal delivered through Ag–Ab complexes. Signup and view all the answers

What is a consequence of the Ag–BCR interaction on germinal center B cells?

It enhances B-cell differentiation and activation. Signup and view all the answers

What role does CD40 play in the interaction between T cells and B cells?

It interacts with CD40L on B cells to promote signaling. Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of activated B cells after they migrate to secondary lymphoid organs?

To establish stable interactions with T cells for receiving help Signup and view all the answers

What happens to some proliferating B cells in the outer follicles?

They differentiate into short-lived plasma cells Signup and view all the answers

What components are essential for the process of endocytosis of FDC-derived antigens by B cells?

BCR, CR2, and possibly FcR are involved. Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of the dark zone in the germinal centre?

It is where B cell receptor diversification through somatic hypermutation occurs Signup and view all the answers

What type of cells do B cells interact with in the light zone for affinity selection?

Follicular dendritic cells (FDCs) and T follicular helper cells Signup and view all the answers

Which signal strength is likely to favor the development of plasma cells from B cells?

Stronger signals indicated by bold arrows Signup and view all the answers

What ultimately determines whether a germinal centre B cell becomes a memory B cell or a long-lived plasma cell?

Strength of the signals received by B cells Signup and view all the answers

What is most likely to occur when a B cell exits the germinal center cycle?

It either forms memory B cells or long-lived plasma cells Signup and view all the answers

What is one function of follicular dendritic cells within the immune response?

To assist in the affinity selection of B cells Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Vaccination

Vaccination is the most effective method of preventing infectious diseases.
Vaccination is responsible for eradication of smallpox and reduction of diseases like polio, measles, and tetanus globally.
Vaccines can be prophylactic to prevent future infections.

Smallpox

Smallpox causes death in 20-60% of infected adults and over 80% of infected children.
Smallpox was eradicated in 1979.
300-500 million people died from smallpox in the 20th century.
Early inoculation for smallpox occurred in the 16th century in China.
Edward Jenner invented the smallpox vaccine in 1796.

Rabies Vaccine

Louis Pasteur conducted experiments to attenuate rabies.
Pasteur used rabbits and infected them through intracerebral inoculations.
Pasteur's experiments resulted in a neutralized agent, which opened the way for a new class of vaccines known as inactivated vaccines.
Pasteur successfully vaccinated Joseph Meister, a nine-year-old boy bitten by a rabid dog.
Pasteur's vaccine became famous and helped save many lives, starting the era of preventive medicine.
Pasteur Institute was built in 1888.

Immunology of Vaccines - Epitopes

Epitope or Antigenic Determinant is the portion of an antigen that binds to the products of an immune response.
Epitope is recognized and bound by Ab or TCR/MHC complex.
Paratope is the site in the variable (V) domain of an antibody or T-cell receptor that binds to an epitope on an antigen.

B and T cell Maturation

B cells and T cells migrate to the borders of B cell follicles and T cell zones of secondary lymphoid organs respectively.
B cells receive help from CD4+ T cells.
Activated B cells and T cells move to outer follicles for proliferation.
Proliferating B cells differentiate into short-lived plasma cells and memory B cells.
Activated B cells return to the follicle and undergo rapid proliferation to form the germinal center.
Germinal center B cells undergo somatic hypermutation.
Affinity selection takes place in the light zone of the germinal center.
Affinity-matured germinal center B cells can re-enter the germinal center cycle.
Germinal center B cells exit the germinal center as memory B cells or long-lived plasma cells.

Follicular Dendritic Cells

Follicular dendritic cells (FDCs) trap Ag-antibody (Ab) complexes and provide intact antigen for interaction with B cell receptors (BCRs).
FDCs provide a complement-derived CD21 ligand (CD21L) for B cell CD21.
FDCs provide immune complex-coated bodies (iccosomes), which are readily taken up by B cells.
FDCs secrete B cell attracting chemokine CXCL13.
FDCs secrete the apoptotic cell binding protein Mfge8.

Polyclonal and Monoclonal

Polyclonal antibodies are a mixture of antibodies that are specific to different epitopes on the same antigen.
Monoclonal antibodies are derived from a single clone of antibody-producing B cells and are specific to a single epitope on an antigen.

Studying That Suits You

Use AI to generate personalized quizzes and flashcards to suit your learning preferences.

Description

This quiz covers the history and effectiveness of vaccinations, including the eradication of smallpox and the role of vaccines in preventing infectious diseases. Key figures like Edward Jenner and Louis Pasteur are highlighted for their contributions to vaccine development. Test your knowledge of how vaccines have shaped public health.