ch 18Vaccination: Active and Passive Immunization
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Questions and Answers

What are the two ways to achieve immunity to infectious microorganisms?

  • Transfer from mother to fetus and previous infection
  • Injection of antibodies and vaccines
  • Natural and artificial means (correct)
  • Passive and active immunization

    • How can immunity to infectious microorganisms be acquired through natural processes?

  • By injection of antibodies
  • By transfer from mother to fetus
  • By previous infection by the organism
  • B+C (correct)

    • What is an example of artificial means to achieve immunity to infectious microorganisms?

  • B+C (correct)
  • Vaccines
  • Injection of antibodies
  • Transfer from mother to fetus

    • Passive immunization occurs when:

    <p>Antibodies are transferred across the placenta to the developing fetus.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the outcome of passive immunization?

    <p>Transient protection for the recipient</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do maternal antibodies provide passive immunity to the developing fetus?

    <p>By Maternal antibodies present in colostrum and milk</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic of passive immunization achieved by injecting preformed antibodies?

    <p>It provides transient protection</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following microorganisms provide passively acquired protection to the developing fetus?

    <p>Diphtheria, tetanus, streptococci, rubella, mumps, and poliovirus.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Passive immunization activates the immune system to generate a memory response.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Under what conditions is passive immunization required?

    <p>When there is deficiency in synthesis of antibody due to B-cell defects</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What situation may necessary passive immunization?

    <p>Exposure or likely exposure to a disease causing complications</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a potential reason for using passive immunization?

    <p>To ameliorate the effects of pathogens through preformed antibodies</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When might passive immunization be necessary?

    <p>When there is infection by pathogens whose effects may be ameliorated by antibody</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary goal of active immunization?

    <p>Elicit protective immunity and immunologic memory</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How can active immunization be achieved artificially?

    <p>By administration of a vaccine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the outcome of passive immunization?

    <p>Provide transient protection</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role do antigen-reactive T and B cells play in active immunization?

    <p>Result in the formation of memory cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary goal of active immunization?

    <p>To elicit protective immunity and immunologic memory</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How can active immunization be achieved?

    <p>By natural infection with a microorganism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role do antigen-reactive T and B cells play in active immunization?

    <p>They result in the formation of memory cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does passive immunization differ from active immunization?

    <p>It provides transient protection</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the development of an immune response indicate?

    <p>A state of protective immunity has been achieved</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What must vaccine designers recognize when activating different branches of the immune system?

    <p>The differences between humoral and cell-mediated activation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Under what condition does the development of an immune response not necessarily lead to protective immunity?

    <p>When the pathogen has a long incubation period</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary goal of whole-organism vaccines?

    <p>To provide prolonged immune-system exposure to individual epitopes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is an example of a whole-organism vaccine?

    <p>B+C</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of prolonged immune-system exposure in whole-organism vaccines?

    <p>A+B</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How are microorganisms attenuated for vaccines?

    <p>They are weakened to lose their ability to cause disease</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary goal of inactivated whole-pathogenic organism vaccines?

    <p>To maintain the structure of epitopes on surface antigens</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How is inactivation of the pathogen achieved in whole-organism vaccines?

    <p>By using heat or chemicals</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is used for chemical inactivation of pathogens?

    <p>Formaldehyde</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is an example of a disease that can be prevented by an inactivated whole-organism vaccine?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the rationale for vaccines consisting of purified capsular polysaccharides?

    <p>To increase the ability of macrophages and neutrophils to phagocytose pathogens</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one limitation of polysaccharide vaccines?

    <p>They are unable to activate TH cells and do not result in class switching or memory cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of immune response do inactivated whole-pathogenic organism vaccines elicit?

    <p>Thymus independent type 2 (TI-2) response</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which two diseases are mentioned as examples?

    <p>Pneumonia and Meningitis.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Purified capsular polysaccharides can be used as vaccines against Streptococcus pneumonia and Neisseria meningitides.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Polysaccharide vaccines are capable of activating TH cells.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Passive immunization involves injecting preformed antibodies.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Polysaccharide vaccines activate B cells in a thymus independent type 2 (TI-2) manner.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary advantage of conjugate vaccines like the Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib) vaccine?

    <p>They enable class switching from IgM to IgG</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What kind of vaccine is Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib) vaccine?

    <p>Conjugate vaccine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of cells does the Hib vaccine activate, leading to class switching from IgM to IgG?

    <p>Helper T cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How are toxoids for diphtheria and tetanus vaccines produced?

    <p>By purifying the bacterial exotoxin and inactivating it with formaldehyde to form a toxoid</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of vaccination with toxoids?

    <p>Inducing anti-toxoid antibodies capable of neutralizing the effects of the toxin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How can large quantities of exotoxin be prepared for vaccine production?

    <p>Producing, purifying, and subsequently inactivating large quantities of the exotoxin by recombinant methods</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the process of inactivating the toxin with formaldehyde to form a toxoid called?

    <p>Chemical detoxification</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How is the hepatitis B vaccine produced using recombinant DNA technology?

    <p>The gene for the major surface antigen of the hepatitis B virus is cloned and expressed in yeast cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary application of recombinant DNA technology in vaccine production?

    <p>Producing vaccines for viral, bacterial, and protozoan pathogens</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the first recombinant antigen vaccine approved for human use?

    <p>Hepatitis B vaccine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of recombinant-vector vaccines?

    <p>Introduce genes of major antigens into attenuated viruses or bacteria</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which virus was used to eradicate smallpox?

    <p>Vaccinia virus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many genes does the vaccinia virus have?

    <p>Approximately 200 genes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens when the genetically engineered vaccinia virus expresses a gene product?

    <p>It serves as a potent immunogen in the host</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How is the gene that encodes the desired antigen inserted into the vaccinia virus genome?

    <p>Inserted into a plasmid vector adjacent to a vaccinia promoter and flanked by the vaccinia thymidine kinase (TK) gene</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of bromodeoxyuridine (BUdr) in the process of selecting cells containing the recombinant vaccinia virus?

    <p>It kills TK cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of homologous recombination at the site of the nonessential TK gene?

    <p>Creation of a TK-recombinant virus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary advantage of DNA vaccines?

    <p>They cause prolonged expression of the antigen and generate significant immunological memory</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of response do DNA vaccines elicit?

    <p>Both humoral antibody response and cell-mediated response</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the outcome of DNA vaccines inducing prolonged expression of the antigen?

    <p>Significant immunological memory is generated</p> Signup and view all the answers

    DNA vaccines lead to both humoral antibody response and a cell-mediated response.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    DNA vaccines do not induce immunological memory.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    DNA vaccines can lead to prolonged expression of the antigen.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

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