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Questions and Answers

What is the first step in the marketing communication process?

  • Evaluating promotional effectiveness
  • Developing the promotional message
  • Choosing the promotional channel
  • Identifying the target audience (correct)
  • Which type of target market consists of individuals with specific needs?

  • General public
  • Niche market (correct)
  • Group
  • Market segment
  • What method is often used to reach individuals in personal selling?

  • Person-to-person communication (correct)
  • Television commercials
  • Direct mail campaigns
  • Mass media advertising
  • When marketing to groups, what must marketers understand?

    <p>The influence of decision-making committee members</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a market niche?

    <p>A very small, well-defined group of customers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary sequence of the dissonance/attribution hierarchy?

    <p>Do → Feel → Learn</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is selective learning in the context of post-purchase dissonance?

    <p>Seeking information that supports the chosen product and avoiding contradictory information</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which hierarchy do consumers first learn before acting?

    <p>Low-Involvement Hierarchy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role does mass media play in the dissonance/attribution model after a purchase?

    <p>It reduces post-purchase dissonance and reinforces the purchase decision.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What typically prompts consumers to develop a positive attitude toward a brand after a purchase?

    <p>Recommendations from friends or non-media sources</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Chapter Objectives

    • Students should be able to understand basic models of communication
    • Students should be able to analyze receivers in the communication process
    • Students should be able to understand the response process
    • Students should be able to analyze traditional response hierarchy models
    • Students should be able to define alternative response hierarchies
    • Students should be able to define the cognitive response approach
    • Students should be able to analyze controllable variables in the communication process
    • Students should be able to analyze source, message, and channel factors
    • Students should be able to establish communication goals and objectives
    • Students should be able to allocate a budget

    The Nature of Communication

    • The integrated marketing communications program's function is to communicate with current and prospective customers and other relevant publics
    • Organizations use various methods to send messages, including advertisements, brand names and logos, websites, press releases, package designs, and promotions
    • Effective marketing communication factors include customer knowledge of the company and its image, the way customers perceive the company, and how customers interpret messages

    Communication

    • Communication can be defined as the passing of information, or the exchange of ideas, or the process of establishing commonness of thought between the sender and receiver
    • Common thinking between sender and receiver is not always easy, and many communication attempts fail
    • The communication process is complex and depends on the nature of the message, the audience's interpretation, and the environmental factors influencing its reception

    A Basic Model of Communication

    • Communication involves a sender and a receiver
    • Communication tools include message and channel
    • Communication functions and processes include encoding, decoding, response, and feedback
    • Communication includes extraneous factors and noise which can interfere with the process

    Source/Encoding

    • The sender, or source, is the person or organization sharing information
    • The source can be an individual or a non-personal entity
    • Marketers must select a source that the receiver views as knowledgeable and trustworthy
    • Encoding is converting thoughts and ideas into a symbolic form understood by the receiver

    Message

    • Messages are symbolic expressions of the sender's thoughts and intended for the receiver
    • Message examples include advertisements that contain the intended message and a symbolic expression of the sender's thoughts

    Channel

    • The channel is the method through which communication travels from sender to receiver
    • Personal channels involve face-to-face contact with individuals or groups, such as salespeople, social channels (friends)
    • Non-personal channels are mass media, including print and broadcast media such as radio and television.

    Receiver/Decoding

    • The receiver is the person who receives the message
    • Decoding involves processing the message
    • The recipient's framework of reference is heavily influenced by personal experiences, perceptions, attitudes, and values

    Noise

    • Noise is interference that can disrupt communication in any stage of the process
    • Noise Examples include competitive promotional messages and misinterpretations of messages

    Response/Feedback

    • Response is the receiver's reaction to a message, ranging from nonverbal actions to immediate actions
    • Feedback is a response from the receiver sent back to the original sender
    • Successful communication occurs when the source effectively creates a message, selects appropriate channels, and considers receiver responses.

    Analyzing the Receiver

    • Understanding the target audience, including their knowledge, opinions, and feelings about the company and its products
    • Identifying and understanding the target audience is essential for effective marketing communications
    • Determining potential responses to various forms of communication and different messages

    Response Process

    • The response process describes the steps consumers go through to process and respond to information or from a state of unawareness to purchase
    • Includes AIDA Model, Hierarchy of Effects Model, Innovation Adoption Model, and Information Processing Model

    Source, Message, and Channel Factors

    • Selection of a source/spokesperson
    • Appropriate message appeals
    • Suitable channels to deliver the intended message
    • These factors influence the receiver's acceptance of the persuasive information
    • Source factors include credibility and attractiveness

    Message Factors

    • Order of presentation (primacy vs. recency)
    • Conclusion drawing (open-ended vs. closed-ended)
    • Message sidedness (one side vs. two sides)
    • Appeal types (fear, humor, comparative)

    Channel Factors

    • Personal vs. non-personal channels (e.g., face-to-face, mass media)
    • Media types (e.g., print, broadcast)
    • Effects of context and environment on message reception
    • Media clutter, which negatively influences consumer attention

    Establishing and Allocating a Promotional Budget

    • Methods for setting promotional budgets, including the affordable method, arbitrary allocation, percentage-of-sales method, competitive-parity method, and objective-and-task method
    • The concept of return on investment (ROI)
    • Top-down versus build-up approaches

    Objective-and-Task Method

    • Defining promotional objectives
    • Determining tasks needed to accomplish those objectives
    • Estimating costs associated with each task
    • Budgeting to achieve the objectives

    DAGMAR (Defining Advertising Goals for Measured Advertising Results)

    • Defining measurable objectives for advertising campaigns
    • Focuses on creating awareness, understanding, or conviction related to the advertisement and product
    • Model emphasizes the mental steps individuals take before accepting the product presented in an advertisement

    Communication Process Model

    • DAGMAR model outlines the mental steps from unawareness to purchasing an advertisement
    • Includes stages like awareness, comprehension, attitude formation, and purchase intention

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