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Questions and Answers
What is the first step in the marketing communication process?
What is the first step in the marketing communication process?
Which type of target market consists of individuals with specific needs?
Which type of target market consists of individuals with specific needs?
What method is often used to reach individuals in personal selling?
What method is often used to reach individuals in personal selling?
When marketing to groups, what must marketers understand?
When marketing to groups, what must marketers understand?
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What is a market niche?
What is a market niche?
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What is the primary sequence of the dissonance/attribution hierarchy?
What is the primary sequence of the dissonance/attribution hierarchy?
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What is selective learning in the context of post-purchase dissonance?
What is selective learning in the context of post-purchase dissonance?
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In which hierarchy do consumers first learn before acting?
In which hierarchy do consumers first learn before acting?
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What role does mass media play in the dissonance/attribution model after a purchase?
What role does mass media play in the dissonance/attribution model after a purchase?
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What typically prompts consumers to develop a positive attitude toward a brand after a purchase?
What typically prompts consumers to develop a positive attitude toward a brand after a purchase?
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Study Notes
Chapter Objectives
- Students should be able to understand basic models of communication
- Students should be able to analyze receivers in the communication process
- Students should be able to understand the response process
- Students should be able to analyze traditional response hierarchy models
- Students should be able to define alternative response hierarchies
- Students should be able to define the cognitive response approach
- Students should be able to analyze controllable variables in the communication process
- Students should be able to analyze source, message, and channel factors
- Students should be able to establish communication goals and objectives
- Students should be able to allocate a budget
The Nature of Communication
- The integrated marketing communications program's function is to communicate with current and prospective customers and other relevant publics
- Organizations use various methods to send messages, including advertisements, brand names and logos, websites, press releases, package designs, and promotions
- Effective marketing communication factors include customer knowledge of the company and its image, the way customers perceive the company, and how customers interpret messages
Communication
- Communication can be defined as the passing of information, or the exchange of ideas, or the process of establishing commonness of thought between the sender and receiver
- Common thinking between sender and receiver is not always easy, and many communication attempts fail
- The communication process is complex and depends on the nature of the message, the audience's interpretation, and the environmental factors influencing its reception
A Basic Model of Communication
- Communication involves a sender and a receiver
- Communication tools include message and channel
- Communication functions and processes include encoding, decoding, response, and feedback
- Communication includes extraneous factors and noise which can interfere with the process
Source/Encoding
- The sender, or source, is the person or organization sharing information
- The source can be an individual or a non-personal entity
- Marketers must select a source that the receiver views as knowledgeable and trustworthy
- Encoding is converting thoughts and ideas into a symbolic form understood by the receiver
Message
- Messages are symbolic expressions of the sender's thoughts and intended for the receiver
- Message examples include advertisements that contain the intended message and a symbolic expression of the sender's thoughts
Channel
- The channel is the method through which communication travels from sender to receiver
- Personal channels involve face-to-face contact with individuals or groups, such as salespeople, social channels (friends)
- Non-personal channels are mass media, including print and broadcast media such as radio and television.
Receiver/Decoding
- The receiver is the person who receives the message
- Decoding involves processing the message
- The recipient's framework of reference is heavily influenced by personal experiences, perceptions, attitudes, and values
Noise
- Noise is interference that can disrupt communication in any stage of the process
- Noise Examples include competitive promotional messages and misinterpretations of messages
Response/Feedback
- Response is the receiver's reaction to a message, ranging from nonverbal actions to immediate actions
- Feedback is a response from the receiver sent back to the original sender
- Successful communication occurs when the source effectively creates a message, selects appropriate channels, and considers receiver responses.
Analyzing the Receiver
- Understanding the target audience, including their knowledge, opinions, and feelings about the company and its products
- Identifying and understanding the target audience is essential for effective marketing communications
- Determining potential responses to various forms of communication and different messages
Response Process
- The response process describes the steps consumers go through to process and respond to information or from a state of unawareness to purchase
- Includes AIDA Model, Hierarchy of Effects Model, Innovation Adoption Model, and Information Processing Model
Source, Message, and Channel Factors
- Selection of a source/spokesperson
- Appropriate message appeals
- Suitable channels to deliver the intended message
- These factors influence the receiver's acceptance of the persuasive information
- Source factors include credibility and attractiveness
Message Factors
- Order of presentation (primacy vs. recency)
- Conclusion drawing (open-ended vs. closed-ended)
- Message sidedness (one side vs. two sides)
- Appeal types (fear, humor, comparative)
Channel Factors
- Personal vs. non-personal channels (e.g., face-to-face, mass media)
- Media types (e.g., print, broadcast)
- Effects of context and environment on message reception
- Media clutter, which negatively influences consumer attention
Establishing and Allocating a Promotional Budget
- Methods for setting promotional budgets, including the affordable method, arbitrary allocation, percentage-of-sales method, competitive-parity method, and objective-and-task method
- The concept of return on investment (ROI)
- Top-down versus build-up approaches
Objective-and-Task Method
- Defining promotional objectives
- Determining tasks needed to accomplish those objectives
- Estimating costs associated with each task
- Budgeting to achieve the objectives
DAGMAR (Defining Advertising Goals for Measured Advertising Results)
- Defining measurable objectives for advertising campaigns
- Focuses on creating awareness, understanding, or conviction related to the advertisement and product
- Model emphasizes the mental steps individuals take before accepting the product presented in an advertisement
Communication Process Model
- DAGMAR model outlines the mental steps from unawareness to purchasing an advertisement
- Includes stages like awareness, comprehension, attitude formation, and purchase intention
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