US History Unit 1 Review: Reconstruction & Expansion

A person who exposes societal issues through writing and investigations, often in a sensationalized manner.

The Meat Inspection Act, which ensured the safety of meat production, and the Pure Food and Drug Act, which improved food and medicine safety.

This policy aimed to protect American economic interests abroad by using diplomacy and military force.

This policy encouraged economic investment and trade in Latin America to promote US interests.

This policy advocated for moral principles in foreign policy.

This principle advocated for nations to govern themselves without foreign interference.

Booker T. Washington advocated for gradual progress and acceptance of segregation, focusing on economic advancement. W.E.B. DuBois demanded immediate equality and full civil rights for African Americans.

Settlement houses were community centers that provided services such as healthcare, education, and resources to the poor during the Progressive Era.

Abolished slavery in the United States. It marked the end of one of the darkest chapters in American history.

Defined citizenship for all persons born or naturalized in the United States, regardless of race. It also guaranteed equal protection of the laws.

Guaranteed the right to vote to all male citizens, regardless of race. It aimed to secure voting rights for African Americans, but was often undermined by Jim Crow laws.

A series of laws enacted in Southern states after Reconstruction to disenfranchise African Americans. These laws enforced racial segregation and denied basic rights.

The Compromise of 1877 marked the end of Reconstruction. In exchange for the presidency, Rutherford B. Hayes agreed to withdraw federal troops from the South.

The Plessy v. Ferguson Supreme Court case upheld the constitutionality of racial segregation under the doctrine of “separate but equal.”

A system of forced assimilation of Native Americans into mainstream American culture. This policy included the Dawes Act, which broke up tribal lands, and the establishment of boarding schools that aimed to eradicate Native American traditions.

The Homestead Act of 1862 offered 160 acres of free land to any citizen who would cultivate it for five years. It played a major role in westward expansion and incentivized settlement.

Economic hardship, racism, and limited opportunities pushed people westward. The promise of affordable land, better jobs, and a fresh start pulled settlers to the frontier.

The Dawes Act aimed to break up tribal lands and distribute them to individual Native Americans. This policy was intended to assimilate Native Americans into white society, but it ultimately contributed to the loss of their traditional way of life.

The process of rapid growth in manufacturing and industry, fueled by technological advancements, inventions, and the availability of resources.

The movement of people from rural areas (farms) to urban areas (cities) in search of jobs and opportunities during industrialization.

A political stance that advocates for minimal government intervention in the economy. Laissez-faire supports believe in free markets and individual initiative.

Beliefs, attitudes, and actions that favor native-born inhabitants over immigrants. Nativists often oppose immigration and promote policies to restrict it.

These push factors are reasons that encourage people to leave their home countries. Some common examples include poverty, lack of jobs, political oppression, and religious persecution.

Pull factors are reasons that attract people to move to new countries. Some examples include economic opportunities, political freedom, religious tolerance, and better schooling.

Labor Unions during the industrial era sought to improve the lives of workers. They aimed to achieve these goals by negotiating with employers and using collective bargaining to secure better wages, improved working conditions, and reduced hours.

Child labor was common during the industrialization era, despite its negative impacts on children's health, education, and well-being. It involved children of various ages working in factories and mines under harsh conditions.

The assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria-Hungary by a Serbian nationalist on June 28, 1914, in Sarajevo, Bosnia. This event triggered a chain reaction of diplomatic and military actions that led to the outbreak of World War I.

An alliance system is where countries promise to defend each other if attacked. In the case of WWI, a web of alliances meant that a small conflict quickly involved many nations. Countries were obligated to join conflicts they might not have been directly involved in.

Militarism refers to the aggressive build-up of a nation's military forces and its emphasis on military power. In the lead-up to WWI, many European countries were constantly increasing their military strength, leading to a climate of suspicion and competition.

The Treaty of Versailles was a peace treaty signed in 1919 to officially end World War I. It imposed harsh penalties on Germany, including loss of territory, military limitations, and responsibility for starting the war. It also created the League of Nations. The Treaty sparked resentment in Germany, contributing to the rise of extremism and ultimately the outbreak of WWII.

Nationalism is a strong feeling of pride and loyalty to one's nation, often leading to a belief in national superiority. In the lead-up to WWI, intense nationalism in various nations fueled tensions, as they competed for power and influence.

The Zimmerman Telegram was a coded message sent by Germany to Mexico in 1917, proposing that Mexico attack the United States in exchange for regaining lost territory. This secret message was intercepted and decoded by British intelligence, and its publication in the US contributed significantly to public support for entering WWI.

Imperialism is the practice of a powerful country extending its rule and control over other countries. In the lead-up to WWI, European powers were competing for colonies around the world, generating tensions and rivalries that contributed to the outbreak of war.

Trench warfare was a type of warfare employed in WWI, creating networks of trenches dug in the ground for protection. Soldiers would fight from these trenches, resulting in long stalemates and high casualties. It was characterized by its brutal and bloody nature.