US History Midterm Review Study Guide
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What was one of Thomas Paine's primary arguments in 'Common Sense' regarding the relationship with Britain?

  • Colonists should continue to trade exclusively with Britain.
  • Colonists needed to seek independence to avoid future conflicts. (correct)
  • Remaining under British rule would ensure economic stability.
  • The British Empire was a necessary ally against external threats.

    • What opportunity did Paine suggest the American colonists would have by separating from Britain?

  • To continue existing colonial policies.
  • To create a government based on democratic ideals. (correct)
  • To strengthen their ties with France.
  • To reinstate the monarchy.

    • How did the Gradual Emancipation Laws in northern states reflect the balance of ideals during the American Revolution?

  • They promoted the expansion of slavery into new territories.
  • They allowed slavery to persist while gradually reducing it. (correct)
  • They abolished slavery immediately following independence.
  • They were focused solely on political rights, ignoring property rights.

    • What was the outcome of the 1830 census regarding the northern states and slavery?

    <p>It indicated that slavery was still present despite gradual laws.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was a significant factor preventing the quick end of slavery in the Northern states?

    <p>Economic interests related to property rights.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was Robert Carter III known for regarding slavery?

    <p>Participating in voluntary manumission of his slaves.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement best defines Paine's view on taxation as expressed in 'Common Sense'?

    <p>Separation would allow colonists to reform taxation practices.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did Thomas Paine suggest would happen if the colonists remained part of the British Empire?

    <p>They would face potentially escalating conflicts.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the age at which a male child born to a slave mother after July 4, 1804 could attain freedom?

    <p>25</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which law established hereditary slavery in Virginia?

    <p>The 1662 Law</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the significance of the Supremacy Clause of the US Constitution in Marbury v. Madison?

    <p>It confirmed the Constitution as the supreme law of the land.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did the 1804 gradual emancipation law in New Jersey stipulate for female children born to a slave mother?

    <p>Age 21</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following privileges did free Blacks in Virginia and Maryland enjoy in the early 1600s?

    <p>Ability to own land</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What event led to the establishment of judicial review?

    <p>Marbury v. Madison</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was a requirement for a servant brought into the country who was not Christian?

    <p>They would be considered and treated as slaves.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the outcome of William Marbury's lawsuit related to his commission?

    <p>The law he invoked was deemed unconstitutional.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What stipulation was included in Virginia's Slave Code of 1705 regarding arms?

    <p>Free Blacks could not own arms.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How did the Virginia law of 1662 impact the status of enslaved children?

    <p>Children took the status of their mothers.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What specific power did Chief Justice John Marshall declare unconstitutional in Marbury v. Madison?

    <p>The section of the Judiciary Act of 1789.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which group of children would attain their freedom at the age of 21 under Pennsylvania's 1780 gradual emancipation law?

    <p>Female children born to a slave mother</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the primary purpose of the 3/5 Compromise?

    <p>To count 60% of the enslaved population for representation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did the Fugitive Slave Law of 1793 enforce?

    <p>The constitutional provision regarding runaway slaves.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does the concept of Separation of Powers function within the U.S. government?

    <p>It prevents any one branch from becoming too powerful.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was included in the Bill of Rights to reassure Anti-Federalists?

    <p>It protected civil liberties from government infringement.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why did the founding fathers establish the Electoral College?

    <p>To prevent uneducated citizens from voting directly.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was a significant concern of Anti-Federalists regarding a strong central government?

    <p>It would eliminate state sovereignty.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What major compromise was achieved in Philadelphia pertaining to government structure?

    <p>Creation of a bicameral legislature.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How did the Federalists and Democratic-Republicans differ in their view of the Constitution?

    <p>Federalists interpreted it loosely, while Democratic-Republicans interpreted it strictly.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did the Kentucky Resolution assert regarding federal laws?

    <p>States could nullify unconstitutional federal laws.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role does the House of Representatives play in checking the power of the President?

    <p>It can vote to impeach the President.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In what way does the First Amendment relate to government restriction?

    <p>It protects individuals from government interference in religious practices.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key consequence of the Fugitive Slave Act of 1793?

    <p>It legally required free states to assist in capturing escaped slaves.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why was it significant for the federalists to appease Anti-Federalists with the Bill of Rights?

    <p>To protect individual freedoms and earn their support.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the primary reason for Hamilton's introduction of the excise tax on whiskey?

    <p>To raise additional revenue for the government</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How did the farmers react to the excise tax during the Whiskey Rebellion?

    <p>They sought to block the tax collection through protests</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who was a leading opponent of Hamilton's financial plan?

    <p>James Madison</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the main concern of Madison regarding the repayment of bonds?

    <p>It would unfairly benefit speculators</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did Hamilton argue was crucial for the nation’s economic future?

    <p>Repaying all debts in full</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How did Congress respond to Hamilton's proposed protective tariff?

    <p>They approved a lower tariff than advocated by Hamilton</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the significance of the Revolution of 1800?

    <p>It was the first peaceful transfer of power between political parties</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which event led to increased unpopularity of the Federalist Party before the Revolution of 1800?

    <p>The passage of the Alien and Sedition Acts</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did Hamilton's financial plan involve regarding state debts?

    <p>The federal government was to assume all state debts</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characterized the common theme between the Whiskey Rebellion and Shays’ Rebellion?

    <p>Revolts by farmers against taxes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why did Hamilton advocate for tariffs on imported goods?

    <p>To protect American manufacturers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement accurately reflects Hamilton's approach to managing debt?

    <p>He advocated for the full repayment of debts</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role did speculation play in the opposition to Hamilton’s financial plan?

    <p>Speculators profited from the sale of bonds</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was a defining feature of the Articles of Confederation?

    <p>It was a weak government with no executive or judicial branch.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How did Shays' Rebellion demonstrate the weaknesses of state governments under the Articles of Confederation?

    <p>States were unable to enforce taxation effectively.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was a main consequence of Shays' Rebellion?

    <p>It highlighted the flaws in the Articles of Confederation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why did Jefferson prefer an agrarian society to a manufacturing one?

    <p>Farmers were considered economically stable and independent.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What requirement was necessary to enact a law under the Articles of Confederation?

    <p>Nine out of the thirteen states had to agree.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was a primary reason the federal government was weak under the Articles of Confederation?

    <p>It could not impose taxes without state approval.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the primary reason Jefferson sought ownership of New Orleans?

    <p>To support trade routes for midwestern farmers.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What offer did Napoleon make to Jefferson regarding the Louisiana Territory?

    <p>He offered the entire Louisiana Purchase for $10 million.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the outcome of the Martin v. Hunter's Lessee case in 1816?

    <p>The Supreme Court asserted its authority over state courts.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What dilemma did Jefferson face while purchasing the Louisiana Territory?

    <p>The Constitution did not explicitly grant him the power to make such a purchase.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was one of the main disagreements at the Constitutional Convention regarding representation?

    <p>Whether representation should be equal for all states.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which plan proposed a two-chamber legislature based on state population?

    <p>The Virginia Plan.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did Neolin advocate for among Native Americans?

    <p>Uniting to reclaim their culture and land.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What led to the failure of Massachusetts in collecting taxes during Shays' Rebellion?

    <p>Farmers lacked the required hard currency.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How did Tenskawatawa's message compare to Pontiac's speech?

    <p>Both encouraged abandoning white American culture.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did the delegates ultimately agree on at the Constitutional Convention regarding representation?

    <p>There would be a bicameral legislature with a compromise on representation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What solution did Tecumseh suggest compared to Pontiac's approach?

    <p>To plan strategic attacks against white Americans.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which change did the Market Revolution bring about regarding production?

    <p>Factories replaced skilled artisan work.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was one of the causes of Shays' Rebellion?

    <p>Failure of the tax system after the American Revolution.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the defining characteristic of life before the Market Revolution?

    <p>Artisans created goods primarily for local markets.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why did many state lawmakers reject debt relief during Shays' Rebellion?

    <p>They were mainly composed of wealthy merchants and bankers.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How did farmers' dependence shift as a result of the Market Revolution?

    <p>They relied on manufactured goods for survival.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How did the Articles of Confederation affect military capabilities?

    <p>It required the consent of state governments to raise troops.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was a significant achievement of the Articles of Confederation?

    <p>It managed the western territories effectively.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which Native American leader called for a Pan Indian Alliance?

    <p>Tecumseh.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to Jefferson, what justified the purchase of the Louisiana Territory?

    <p>The ability to create treaties with foreign nations.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was a significant consequence of the Louisiana Purchase?

    <p>A dramatic increase in the size of the United States.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the main significance of the case Fletcher v. Peck (1810)?

    <p>It marked the first time a state law was declared unconstitutional.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What clause of the Constitution did the Supreme Court invoke in Fletcher v. Peck to rule against the state law?

    <p>The Contract Clause</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who served as the chief justice during the Fletcher v. Peck case?

    <p>John Marshall</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What actions did the Georgia state legislature take that led to the Supreme Court case?

    <p>They invalidated a previous land grant and subsequent sales.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which group in Congress was primarily advocating for the War of 1812?

    <p>Democratic-Republicans</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was a major consequence of the War of 1812 for Native Americans?

    <p>Their resistance to American westward expansion was diminished.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the Federalists’ primary reason for opposing the War of 1812?

    <p>They wanted to maintain trade relations with Britain.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the main outcome of the Hartford Convention for the Federalists?

    <p>It resulted in the Federalist Party's decline.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the initial cause of conflict prompting the War of 1812?

    <p>The British blockade of American trade with Europe.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What message did the British send to the United States shortly before the War of 1812?

    <p>They would cease their naval blockade.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which battle led to significant American victory and enhanced control over the Mississippi River?

    <p>Battle of New Orleans</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How did the outcome of the War of 1812 affect American expansion westward?

    <p>It facilitated settlement without Native American resistance.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which two states were most affected by the land grant scandal involved in Fletcher v. Peck?

    <p>Georgia and Mississippi</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What were the land companies seeking by bribing members of the Georgia legislature?

    <p>To obtain the right to purchase land in Alabama and Mississippi.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role did the War Hawks play in the lead-up to the War of 1812?

    <p>They pushed for war to defend American honor and expand territory.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was a major consequence of the Transportation Revolution for farmers in Ohio?

    <p>Farmers could transport goods to the East Coast faster and cheaper.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which invention allowed farmers to prepare more soil for planting during the Market Revolution?

    <p>Steel plow</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was one of the reasons cotton replaced tobacco as the primary crop in the South during the 19th century?

    <p>The development of the cotton gin boosted cotton production.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The introduction of which tools significantly increased the output of wheat between 1840 and 1860?

    <p>John Deere's steel plow and Cyrus McCormick's mechanical reaper</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What event led to the migration of one million Black slaves from the Upper South to the Deep South?

    <p>The demand for cotton due to the Market Revolution</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was a significant outcome of the Second Great Awakening?

    <p>The rise of a faction within the Abolitionist Movement.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following was NOT a characteristic of the Market Revolution?

    <p>Commercial farmers producing exclusively for local markets.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How did the Erie Canal and steamboats impact transportation for farmers?

    <p>They allowed for faster and cheaper transportation of goods.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the primary reason for the decline in tobacco production in the South during the 19th century?

    <p>The higher profitability of cotton due to market demand.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the core message promoted by Charles G. Finney during the Second Great Awakening?

    <p>All people are moral free agents with the choice of sin or salvation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which factor contributed to the speed increase in shipping goods after the Transportation Revolution?

    <p>Implementation of canals combined with steamboats</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the main reason that slaves were moved to the Deep South?

    <p>Increased cotton production demands due to the Market Revolution</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the purpose of the power loom invented in 1785?

    <p>To enable faster weaving of threads into cloth</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What motivated religious leaders during the Market Revolution to start the Second Great Awakening?

    <p>Fear of greed associated with wealth generation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why was the steamboat a significant development during the Transportation Revolution?

    <p>It allowed for upstream navigation at a consistent speed.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the main goal of William Lloyd Garrison and the American Antislavery Society?

    <p>To call for the immediate abolishment of slavery</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which group believed that free Black Americans posed a threat to white society?

    <p>The American Colonization Society</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was a common strategy used by the Colored Females’ Free Produce Society?

    <p>Boycotting goods produced by slave labor</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What influence did the Declaration of Independence have on the Declaration of Sentiments?

    <p>It stated that all men and women are created equal</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following led to the rise of 'Universal White Male Suffrage'?

    <p>New western states allowing voting for all white men</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was one major consequence of Universal White Male Suffrage for Andrew Jackson?

    <p>He won the presidency with support from the common man.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How did Nat Turner's rebellion differ from William Lloyd Garrison's approach?

    <p>Turner encouraged violence against slaveholders while Garrison favored moral persuasion.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What significant restriction did women activists face in the Abolitionist Movement?

    <p>They were barred from making policy decisions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Lucretia Mott organize in 1848?

    <p>The Seneca Falls Convention</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was Andrew Jackson accused of in the political cartoon depicting him as 'King Andrew I'?

    <p>Excessive use of the veto power</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the purpose of the Maysville Road Bill, which Jackson vetoed?

    <p>To construct a major road in Kentucky</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How did David Walker propose ending slavery?

    <p>By encouraging enslaved people to revolt in self-defense</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did women activists at the Seneca Falls Convention seek concerning employment?

    <p>Opportunities in traditionally male jobs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What contradiction did the American Colonization Society face in its beliefs?

    <p>They opposed slavery but viewed freed African Americans as inferior.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the primary reason Andrew Jackson vetoed the Maysville Road Bill?

    <p>The Constitution did not grant the federal government the power to fund state road construction.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why did Jackson oppose the Bank of the United States?

    <p>He felt it concentrated power in the hands of the wealthy elite.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What legislation did Andrew Jackson support that led to the forced relocation of Native Americans?

    <p>The Indian Removal Act of 1830</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was a direct consequence of the Supreme Court's ruling in Worcester v. Georgia?

    <p>Native Americans were acknowledged as a sovereign nation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What hardships did the Cherokees face during their relocation on the Trail of Tears?

    <p>Lack of government support for supplies.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was a significant reason for Southern opposition to the Tariff of 1828?

    <p>It increased prices of foreign manufactured goods.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why did South Carolina attempt to nullify the Tariff of 1832?

    <p>It believed the tariff favored Northern industries at Southern expense.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which theory did John C. Calhoun develop in response to federal tariffs?

    <p>Nullification Theory</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the reaction of Britain to the Tariff of 1828?

    <p>Decreased importation of goods from America.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What consequence did the nullification crisis have on South Carolina's government?

    <p>It declared federal laws unconstitutional.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How did Jackson’s actions contradict his image as a protector of the common man?

    <p>He supported the interests of wealthy landowners.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What major economic factor influenced Southern opposition to tariffs in the early 19th century?

    <p>High demand for cotton exports in Europe.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the outcome for many Cherokees during the Trail of Tears?

    <p>They suffered severe loss of life and hardship.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was a key argument made by Jackson regarding foreign control of the Bank of the United States?

    <p>It made the bank too vulnerable to foreign interests.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How did Andrew Jackson’s presidency impact the relationship between federal and state governments?

    <p>It increased federal authority in state matters.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    1. Why did the Founding Fathers agree to separate from the British? Know the following cause.
    • Examine Thomas Paine’s Common Sense (1776) and focus on Paine’s reasons for why the American colonists needed to separate from Britain. What to consider: 1) according to Paine what would happen to the colonists if they remained in the British Empire? 2) Paine stated that by separating, American colonists had the opportunity to implement what (look at the last paragraph of Common Sense)?

    TAXATION WITHOUT REPRESENTATION

    Thomas Paine framed the separation from Britain as a necessary step to secure colonists’ freedom and establish a government rooted in democratic ideals. His pamphlet made the case that staying connected to Britain would result in conflict, while independence would provide the chance to create a better system of government. Paine stated that by separating, American colonists had the opportunity to implement a new and politically just order.

    1. Effects of the American Revolution on slavery. Reference HW Effects of the American Revolution and supplemental notes. What you need to know:

    • Know the following laws and what they reveal about how legislatures balanced the ideals of the American Revolution with property rights: Gradual Emancipation Laws in Pennsylvania (1780), New York (1799), and New Jersey (1804).

    • Also review how those laws (see previous bullet point) prevented slavery from quickly dying out in the North. Refer to the quantitative evidence on p. 237 of the assigned reading. Focus on the 1830 census as well as Connecticut and New Jersey.

    • Voluntary manumission and Robert Carter III. See p. 236.

    New York State’s 1799 gradual emancipation law. Male child born to a slave mother after July 4, 1799 was free after he turned 28. Female child born to a slave mother after July 4, 1799 was free after she turned 25.

    New Jersey 1804 gradual emancipation law. Male child born to a slave mother after July 4, 1804 could attain his freedom when he turned 25. Female child born to a slave mother after July 4, 1804 could attain her freedom when she turned 21.

    Pennsylvania’s 1780 gradual emancipation law. Male child born to a slave mother after 1780 could attain his freedom when he turned 28. Female child born to a slave mother after 1780 could attain her freedom when she turned 21.

    As late as 1830, the census revealed that there were still 3500 slaves in the north. The last slaves in Connecticut did not become free until 1848. In 1860, eighteen elderly slaves still resided in New Jersey.

    In 1796, Richard Carter III, a member of one of Virginia's wealthiest families, provided for the gradual emancipation of the more than 400 slaves he owned.

    1. Anthony Johnson reveals what about race and ownership of slaves and land in the early 1600s. Refer to primary source: Anthony Johnson

    Representative of slaves gaining freedom, started his life as a slave, and ended being a wealthy slave owner.

    1. The privileges free Blacks enjoyed in the early 1600s in Virginia and Maryland. Focus on the legal system along with race and ownership of slaves and indentured servants. See Eric Foner, Give Me Liberty!, p. 101.

    Privileges of Free Blacks in the Early 1600s (Virginia & Maryland):

    Free Blacks could own land, sue in court, and participate in some aspects of colonial society. This changed as racial distinctions became codified.Free blacks could own white slaves. Blacks and whites labored side by side in the tobacco fields

    1. The significance of Virginia’s 1662 law: Eric Foner, Give Me Liberty!, p. 101.

    1662 Law: The Virginia law of 1662 established hereditary slavery, which meant that children born to enslaved mothers were also enslaved for life. This law was based on the legal doctrine partus sequitur ventrem, which stated that children took the status of their mothers.

    1. The significance of Virginia’s Slave Code 1705: Eric Foner, Give Me Liberty!, p. 104.                 Focus on what the law stipulates about race, gun ownership, physical violence against white people, and ownership of white indentured servants.

    Slave code- black slaves could be bought, sold, passed down to descendants. No black, free or slave, could own arms, strike a white man, or employ a white servant. Any white person could apprehend any black to demand a certificate of freedom or a pass from the owner giving permission to be off the plantation

    - Any servant brought to the country who is Christian and above nineteen will serve until they reach twenty four.

    - Every indentured servant must be brought to the courts to determine their age and their period of servitude will be dependent on that.

    -If a servant who is being sold claims to have indentures (a legal contract), the master or owner can bring the servant before a justice to verify this claim.

    -All servants brought into the country, who were not Christians in their home country with a few exceptions will be considered and treated as slaves. Even if they convert to Christianity later, they will still be bought and sold as slaves.

    1. What gave rise to Marbury v. Madison (1803)? See lecture notes.

    • President John Adam, "on the eve of leaving [presidential] office,” appointed federalist judges (judges who identified with the federalist party and shared his beliefs).

    • Commissions (document that grants them authority to perform duty as judge) not delivered before Thomas Jefferson took office; Jefferson became the President of the United States after the election 1800.

    • Thomas Jefferson “wanted to block these appointments, so he ordered the new secretary of state, James Madison, not to deliver the commissions.” Jefferson was a Democratic-Republican, not a Federalist, so he did not want judges affiliated with the rival political party.

    • William Marbury sued to get his commission. Why? Because of a clause in the Judiciary Act of 1789 that permitted the Supreme Court “to order executive officials to deliver judges’ commissions.”  Source: Eric Foner.

    • Chief Justice of the Supreme Court John Marshall reviewed this clause in the Judiciary Act of 1789 in relation to the United States Constitution.

    • He concluded that the US Constitution did not give the Supreme Court this power and subsequently declared this section of the Judiciary Act of 1789 unconstitutional.

    • Basis of Marshall’s ruling: Supremacy Clause of the US Constitution: “Article VI of the Constitution establishes the Constitution as the Supreme Law of the Land.”

    • Supreme Clause: When there is conflict between the US Constitution and a federal or state law, the US Constitution reigns supreme or is right.

    So, Marbury v. Madison arose from a political conflict over the appointments of Federalist judges at the end of Adams' presidency and Jefferson's efforts to block those appointments. It led to the establishment of judicial review, which remains a cornerstone of the American legal system today.

    1. Know the significance of Marbury v. Madison (1803). See lecture notes.

    Summary:

    a landmark Supreme Court case that established the principle of judicial review, enabling courts to declare laws unconstitutional. The case arose when William Marbury, appointed as a federal judge by outgoing President John Adams, sued for his commission, which was withheld by the new administration under Thomas Jefferson. Chief Justice John Marshall ruled that while Marbury had a right to his commission, the law he invoked (the Judiciary Act of 1789) was unconstitutional, thus solidifying the judiciary's role as a coequal branch of government with the power to interpret the Constitution.

    The Supreme Court has the power to determine the constitutionality of congressional laws and executive orders. In other words, this court could declare congressional laws and executive orders unconstitutional.

    The US Constitution does not give the Supreme Court this power.

    1. Cause of Fletcher vs. Peck (1810). See lecture notes.

    • Judicial review extended to the states (1810) with this case.

    • It was the first time the Supreme Court declared a state law unconstitutional.

    • Law in question: The New Georgia state legislature passed a law that invalidated the land grant and “subsequent sales.”

    • This empowered the Supreme Court.

    • The Supreme Court viewed the land grant and the “subsequent sales” as a contract.

    • The Supreme Court, with John Marshall as chief justice, reviewed the United States Constitution and concluded that states could not pass laws that invalidate contracts.

    • Basis of the ruling: Contract Clause of the United States:“No state may pass a law impairing the obligation of a contract.”

    Fletcher v. Peck (1810). Background information.

    • Four land companies bribed (made payments) to the GA state legislature, Georgia’s two US Senators, and federal judges.

    • Why did they make these bribes? to obtain the right to buy land in Alabama and MS. This happened in 1794.

    • The four land companies received this right to buy land. Afterwards, they “sold the land to individual buyers at a large profit.” Source: Eric Foner, Give Me Liberty!

    • 1796, state lawmakers who received the bribe and gave the land grant didn’t win reelection.

    • New Georgia state legislature passed a law that invalidated the land grant and “subsequent sales.”

    1. Know the significance of Fletcher v. Peck (1810). See lecture notes.

    • For land companies, Bribed members of the Georgia state legist to US senators from the state of Georgia and federal judges.  they bribe them to obtain the right to purchase land in Alabama and Mississippi.  This was 1794. The four land companies received the right to buy the land. After they acquired the land they sold it to individuals and made money. 1796, the Georgia state legislators who bought the land were voted out of office and were replaced by a new state of legislators. This new set passed a law. The law invalidated the land grant that the four companies received. It also invalidated the sales tha the land companies made after they received the land. This went to the supreme court and they reviewed this law. The supreme court determined that this Georgia state law was unconstitutional because it violated the laws. The contract laws stipulate that no state may pass a law impairing the obligation in contract. The contract in question in this case established judicial review of state laws.

    1. Causation: War of 1812. See lecture notes.
    • During the 1800s Britain and France were at war with each other. According to international law, countries not involved in warfare could trade with countries involved in warfare. During this war, the US was not involved so they exchanged non military goods. The French and the British naval blockade. Naval blockade is the british prevented the americans from exchanging non military goods to french and the french prevented non military goods with the british. The Americans were upset but mainly at the British because they kidnapped Americans and forced them to serve in the British navy. Another cause is warhawks in congress who were influential. This group was composed of democratic republicans. Henry Clay from Kentucky and John C Calhoon. The war hawks were pushing for the US to declare war on Britain because they believed if the US defeated the British, this could weaken native Americans who lived on the frontier that resisted settlement of white americans. Americans believed that the British collaborated with Tecumseh. If they won, the US could also acquire Canada. They wanted to fight this war to defend American Honor. Warhawks issued a declaration of war and were able to convince president James Madison to support it. Shortly after, the white house received a message from the british. The message was “we will end our native blockade, so you can exchange these non military goods with france”. The British took too long to negotiate with the US to end the naval blockade.
    1. Why Federalists, particularly those in New England, opposed the War of 1812? See lecture notes.

    the federalists never supported the war, they believed that this war was a part of the democratic republicans plan to acquire canada and florida. Furthermore, the federalists felt that the democratic republicans wanted to acquire canada and florida to increase its political power. The democratic republicans believed they would have more people voting for their party. Another reason the federalists did not support the war, many people in England profited from maritime trade, so they were exchanging goods over bodies of water. The war interrupted this because the British navy prevented them from engaging in maritime trade. The federalists established a hartford convention, and came together to talk about how to weaken the political power of the south (most southerners are democratic republicans) they came up with different solutions one was to eliminate the ⅗ compromise. They met and then shortly after the hartford convention ended, americans received news about the battle of new orleans. The united states were victorious in this battle led by andrew jackson. This was key, because had the british won, they would have taken control of the mississippi river, which was essential to midwestern farmers.

    1. Effects: War of 1812. See lecture notes.

    • Americans could settle land east of the Mississippi without the threat of Native American resistance (indiana). During this war, natives did join forces w the British and fight, so when the US defeated the British, they also defeated and weakened the natives.

    • Battle of Tippecanoe allowed for settlement in indiana without native resistance

    • Battle of Thames (1813) enabled white americans to settle michigan without threat of native american resistance

    • Battle of Horseshoe Bend led to the defeat of creak indians, allowing for settlement in Alabama]

    ***DO NOT CHANGE. MRS DUBOIS SAID IT WAS GOOD

    1. What is a constitution? See lecture notes.

    • Each state had its own constitution (legal document establishing rules for citizens to follow)

    • State constitutions also shaped the structure of the state gov (decided what it will look like)

    1. The ways in which the American Revolution influenced the Articles of Confederation. See lecture notes.

    • A defining feature that came out of these articles was that the government was weak (no executive or judicial branch, just legislative)

    • There was a congress, the legislature, which was unicameral (one chamber), and each state had one vote.

    • It was weak bc of the relationship that Americans had with Britain. There was a fear that if they create a strong federal or central government, it would become tyrannical.

    • The revolutionary crises essentially shaped the articles of confederation.

    1. How the Articles of Confederation made states more powerful than the federal government? See lecture notes.

    • It was weak bc the federal gov could not raise an army, and if it wanted a military, the state gov had to approve a military and send troops.

    • The federal gov also could not raise money thru taxing, which only states could do. If a federal gov wanted money, it had to request this from the state gov’s and more often than not, the state gov’s did not give it any money

    • The state gov’s were more powerful than the federal bc they could put tg a military, and tax

    • In order to enact a law, 9 out of the 13 states had to agree.

    • In order for the Articles of Confederation to be changed, there needed to be a unanimous vote of all 13 states.

    1. Major accomplishment of the Articles of Confederation. See lecture notes.

    • The founding fathers (propertied white men in charge of creating a new nation) were the ones who approved the legal document, the Articles of Confederation, which outlined rules in which citizens had to follow.

    • This established a government with 2 parts. Each of the 13 colonies had their own state government.

    • A defining feature that came out of these articles was that the government was weak

    1. Shay’s Rebellion: Causes.

      1. States failed to develop an adequate tax system to cover debt from the American Revolution.

      2. Massachusetts taxed farmers and made them pay taxes with hard money. Farmers did not possess hard money due to them using the barter system (no currency exchanged during trades). Consequence: Massachusetts did not receive taxes from farmers. Farmers are punished: some are imprisoned while the government seized the farms of others to cover their tax debt.

      3. What Daniel Shays represents: veterans of the American Revolution who struggled financially because states did not compensate them for their service. Because states (like Massachusetts) failed to develop an effective system to cover debts, they could not pay veterans.

      4. Shays joined forces with other struggling veterans and farmers. They asked the Massachusetts legislature for debt relief. However, their proposal for debt relief was rejected. Why? Most Massachusetts lawmakers were eastern bankers and merchant elites who couldn’t relate to the struggle of farmers and veterans. This caused farmers and farmers to rebel.

    2. What Shays Rebellion involved.

    • The rebels (struggling farmers and veterans) stopped officials from collecting taxes.

    • If the government seized property (farm) from farmers who failed to pay taxes, the rebels returned the property (farm) to the farmer.

    • Rebels prevented the county court from convening. Why? No farmers would be convicted and punished (jail time or loss of property) for failure to pay taxes if the court did not convene.

    • Made people aware of flaws in the way they framed the government

    1. How Shays Rebellion exposed weaknesses in the Articles of Confederation:

    • The Articles of Confederation gave states the power to tax. Shays Rebellion demonstrates that states failed to develop an adequate tax system to cover debt from the American Revolution. Massachusetts’ failed tax system was one cause of the rebellion.

    • The Articles of Confederation gave states the power to raise a military. Shays' Rebellion showed that states could not put together a strong military to stop rebellions. This revolt raged on longer than it should (1786-1787) because Massachusetts Governor Bowdoin failed to convene an adequate military.

    1. Know the cause of Martin v. Hunter’s Lessee (1816). See lecture notes.

    The states of Virginia passed a law that stipulated that the states could seize property from loyalists.

    Lord Fairfax. Loyalist who was set to give his nephew Dinny Martin property. Because of this law, the transfer of this property never took place. The state gave some of the land to David Hunter. Dinny was upset, he sued, and the case went to the Virginia Court of appeals.

    1. Know the significance of Martin v. Hunter’s Lessee (1816). See lecture notes.

    The Virginia court of appeals said it was legal soo they ruled in favor of David hunter. The case ends up in the supreme court. It concludes that this Virginia law conflicted with the treaty of paris.

    The case addressed whether the Supreme Court had the authority to overrule state courts on federal matters, ultimately asserting the supremacy of federal law and the judiciary's power to review state court decisions.

    1. What disagreements did delegates at the Constitutional Convention (1787) have over representation?

    States with large populations supported the Virginia Plan: Two house legislature with the  # of representatives in each house proportional to the state population. What does this mean? The most populous states have the most representatives in the legislature. Eligible voters would elect the representatives in the lower house. The lower house would select representatives for the upper house from a list of state legislatures provided.

    States with small populations supported the New Jersey Plan: One chamber legislature, each state has one vote. Opposed the Virginia Plan because thought it would give too much power to states with large populations.

    1. What compromise did the delegates reach at the Constitutional Convention (1787) to settle the dispute over representation? See lecture notes.

    Mrs. Dubois said this was all we need to know for this question:

    Because they argue the strong central government will become tyrannical. The 2 groups had to compromise Philadelphia.

    Compromise:

    • Bicameral

    • Senate (upper house)

    • House of Representatives (lower house). # of representatives is proportional to your state population. (435)

    • Representatives were elected, popular vote

    1. a) Define the 3/5th Compromise. b) what dispute did the 3/5th Compromise resolve? See lecture notes.

    2. 3/5 compromise: only 60% of the slave population was counted when determining the number of Representatives for that slave state.

    3. Those living enslaved States wanted black slaves to be considered when determining representatives in the house. States where slavery was illegal said that this was unfair; this would give slave states and advantage in the House of Representatives. So the two sides reconciled: ⅗ Compromise

    4. The correlation you can draw between the United States Constitution and the Fugitive Slave Law of 1793. Reference lecture notes and Slavery and the United States Constitution

    • The law was created to provide the legal mechanism to enforce the constitutional provision.

    • The Fugitive Slave Act of 1793 provided the procedural and legal means to enforce that obligation, strengthening federal support for slavery and further entrenching the institution in U.S. law

    The Fugitive Slave Law of 1793: The Fugitive Slave Law was passed by Congress to make sure the Constitution's rule about runaway slaves was followed. It said that if someone escaped from slavery, authorities in free states (states where slavery was illegal) had to help catch them and send them back to their owners. It also punished people who helped runaway slaves.

    1. Significance of Separation of Powers/System of Checks of Balances:

    Supporters of a strong central government promised Separation of Powers/System of Checks of Balances. Why? They wanted to appease those who feared a strong central government becoming tyrannical.

    Separation of Powers/System of Checks of Balances: The US Constitution gave the three branches of government (the legislative, executive, and judicial branches) a specific power. This allows for each branch of government to check each other’s power and therefore prevent one branch from becoming too powerful. Example: 1) president (executive) branch can check the power of the legislature by vetoing laws it passed. 2) The Supreme Court can check the power of the legislature by declaring its laws unconstitutional.  3) legislature can check the power of the president by overriding his veto 4) president can check the power of the Supreme Court by appointing justices that agree with him politically (ex. Democrat president selecting a Democrat Supreme Court Justice). 5) The House of Representatives could impeach (formally charge with a crime) a president and the Senate could remove the president from office if they found him guilty of charges.

    1. Why was the Bill of Rights included in the United States Constitution?
    • The Bill of Rights was included in the United States Constitution to protect individual freedoms and limit the power of the federal government.

    For the exam, study what the Bill of Rights says about religion (see the First Amendment): Bill of Rights.

    Favors one religion over another religion, or no religion at all, or opposes any

    religion;

    • Stops you from practicing your religion as you see fit;

    • Keeps you from saying whatever you want, even if you are criticizing the President

    of the United States;

    • Prevents newspapers, magazines, books, movies, radio, television or the internet

    from presenting any news, ideas, and opinions that they choose;

    • Stops you from meeting peacefully for a demonstration or protest to ask the

    government to change something.

    Know that the Federalists sought to appease the anti-Federalists with the Bill of Rights. Why? The Anti-Federalists feared a strong central government. The US Constitution strengthened the federal government. The Bill of Rights (the first ten amendments to the US Constitution) contained civil liberties rights that the government cannot infringe on. In other words, those amendments would protect American citizens from a tyrannical federal government.

    1. Significance of the Kentucky Resolution. See notes from HW Assignment: Adams Administration
    • The original version of Jefferson's Kentucky resolution went further, asserting that states could nullify laws of Congress that violated the Constitution. States could unilaterally prevent the enforcement of such laws within their borders. The legislator deleted this passage.
    1. First political parties. For the midterm, only study “View of Constitution” and “Economic Policy”: See  Federalist and Democratic-Republicans

    View of Constitution

    Federalist

    Democratic/Republican

    • Interpret loosely

    • Create a strong central

    • government

    • Interpret strictly

    • Create a weak central

    • government

    Economic Policy

    Federalist

    Democratic/Republican

    • Aid business

    • Create a national bank

    • Support high tariffs

    • Favor agriculture

    • Oppose a national bank

    • Oppose high tariffs

    1. Function of the electoral college. See lecture notes.

    How it functions: the Electoral College chooses the president of the United States. How? Each state has electors. In mid-December, the electors meet at their respective state capitols and select the president. What normally happens? They select the candidate that won the popular vote in their state.**

    1. Why did the founding fathers desire an electoral college? See lecture notes.

    Felt that some Americans, especially the ones who lived in rural areas, lacked knowledge about the candidates running for public office. Founding fathers were propertied white men. Consequently, they feared a “tyranny of the majority” or “Democratic mob.” What does this mean? The lower classes having power and controlling the country. This would result in their interest (that of the properied white men) being ignored.

    1. The causes and significance of the Whiskey Rebellion. See lecture notes and HW: The Whiskey Rebellion

    CAUSE:The protective tariff was lower Alexander Hamilton felt that another source of revenue was needed. The protective tariff was too low and they needed another source of tax or revenue. He was able to convince congress to add an excise tax. It was a tax that a certain group of farmers had to pay. It was farmers who distilled whiskey from the corn they harvested. The heat turns the liquid into vapor which is steam. This was the process of distilling. The water is separated from the alcohol. The steam/vapor is condensed into a liquid which is alcohol. The farmers who distilled whiskey from corn had to pay the excise tax. So the farmers rebelled against this tax and that's what brought about the whiskey rebellion.

    SIG: This was what broke out when the Pennsylvania farmers sought to block collection of the new tax. People rebelled by hanging up banners for liberty and death. A group wrote the president to consider the tax to liberty and invasion which bestowed upon them. The whiskey rebellion is also similar to shays rebellion. Involving farmers burdened by taxes. The governor of Massachusetts put together a militia. What happened to the militia? The militia sided with the farmers so they did not suppress it. The federal

    1. How did Alexander Hamilton seek to eliminate debt accumulated from the American Revolution? See HW: Alexander Hamilton's Financial Plan

    During the revolution, both the National Governments and Individual states had desperately needed money. They borrowed a lot of money from foreign countries and ordinary citizens to pay soldiers, and buy supplies. Then as of now, Governments borrowed money by issuing bonds. A Bond is a certificate that promises to repay money loaned, plus interest, on a curtain date. EX: if someone pays 100forabond,thegovernmentagreestopayback100 for a bond, the government agrees to pay back 100forabond,thegovernmentagreestopayback100 plus interest by a certain time.

    Hamilton's plan called for the government to repay both the federal and state debts. He wanted the government to buy up all the bonds issued by both the national and state governments before 1789. He then planned to issue new bonds to pay off the old debts. As the economy improved, the government would then be able to pay off  new bonds. Many people, including band investors, welcomed Hamilton's plan. Others did not agree with it.

    1. Who opposed Hamilton’s financial plan? What compromise was reached?  See HW: Alexander Hamilton's Financial Plan

    James Maddiosn led the opposition. Madison argued that Hamilton’s plan would reward speculators. A speculator is someone who invests in a risky venture in the hope of making a large profit. During the Revolution, the government had issued bonds to soldiers and citizens who supplied goods. Many of these bondholders were desperate and needed cash to survive. So, they sold their bonds to speculators. These bonds were often purchased by speculators for much less than they were worth, often as low as 10 to 15 cents on the dollar. If the government paid off the old bonds in full, speculators stood to make fortunes. Maddison thought that speculators did not deserve to make such profits. Hamilton replied that the US must repay its debts in full. Otherwise, he said, it risked losing the trust of investors in the future. The support of investors was crucial to building the nation's new economy. After much debate, congress approved full repayment of the national debt.

    Summary :

    James Madison opposed Alexander Hamilton's plan, saying it would unfairly help speculators. During the Revolution, the government gave bonds to people for supplies or service. Many sold these bonds for very little money because they needed cash. Speculators bought them cheaply and could make big profits if the government repaid the full amount. Madison thought this was unfair, but Hamilton argued that repaying all debts was important to keep investors' trust. After much debate, Congress agreed to pay the debts in full.

    1. Why did Hamilton propose tariffs? What region did not desire tariffs and why? What compromise was reached?  See HW: Alexander Hamilton's Financial Plan

    To help American manufacturers, Hamilton asked congress to pass a tariff, or tax on foreign goods brought into the country. Hamilton wanted a high tariff to make imported goods more expensive than american made goods. A tariff meant to protect local industry from foreign competition is called a protective tariff. In the North, where there were more and more factories, many imported goods. They opposed a protective tariff that would make imports more expensive. In the end, Congress did pass a tariff, but it was much lower than the protective tariff Hamilton wanted.

    A Tariff is a tax on imported goods between countries.

    1. Define Revolution of 1800. See lecture notes.

    The sedition act, alien act, and naturalization act made the federalists unpopular. Also, the American citizens were critical and upset because this party had new taxes imposed for the possibility of war with France. While a peace treaty was negotiated with France, the tax revenue was used by the Adams administration with the native. Americans did not like these new taxes. When the Americans are not pleased, this affects the elections. Many years after the 1800 election, Americans voted out the federalist party because they had done this. Adams was voted out and Jefferson was voted in. The federalists also lost control of congress. Scholars call this the revolution of 1800.

    OVERVIEW

    The Revolution of 1800 refers to the U.S. presidential election in which Thomas Jefferson defeated John Adams. Jefferson’s victory marked the first peaceful transfer of power between political parties in U.S. history. The election ended Federalist Party rule and brought the Democratic-Republicans into power. It was called a “revolution” because it represented a return to the ideals of democracy and limited government. Jefferson’s win also showed that political change in the U.S. could happen without violence or conflict.

    1. Why Jefferson desired for the United States to become an agrarian nation as opposed to a manufacturing nation.

      1. Farmers are great for the Republic. Why? Farmers who owned land were independent and therefore capable of impartially (considering the best option based on the facts) when they voted. The factory worker was financially (manufacturing) dependent on the factory owner; as a result, the factory owner would influence the vote of this factory worker; according to Jefferson this was bad for the Republic.

      2. Farmers are economically stable. They could always provide food for themselves. Worker in a factory’s (manufacturing) ability to feed himself was dependent on people buying the products he produced; if this didn’t happen, the factory worker would starve.

    2. What offer did Napoleon make to Jefferson that he could not refuse? See lecture notes.

    Jefferson made an offer that said I will give you 10 million dollars for New Orleans

    1. a)  Why did Thomas Jefferson purchase Louisiana Territory? b) what dilemma did he face when making this purchase?  See lecture notes.

    2. Thomas Jefferson at first wanted New Orleans because this port city was beneficial to farmers particularly farmers in the northwest region. Michigan and Ohio were dependent on New Orleans. They depend on it to export their items to New Orleans. New Orleans sent their items to the east coast that was eventually sent to Europe. First France was in charge of New Oreleans and then Spain was. Spain revoked the right of deposit. That hurt the midwestern farmer because that meant they could no longer transport their goods. That’s why Thomas Jefferson said we need to own New orleans. So he sent American representatives while France owned it and said I will give you 10 million dollars for New Orleans. Napoleon owned France at the time and he gave Thomas Jefferson an offer that he could not refuse. He said I will give the entire Louisiana Purchase. So Jefferson agreed and this vastly increased the size of the US. Napoleon had his reason and at the time France was in a war with Britain and France needed the money for the war. The French had also suffered a disaster. The Haitian Revolution took place. The slaves produced sugar for the French and the French profited from the sugar and the slaves rebelled and established the first black republic in the hemisphere. The Louisiana territory helped the midwestern farmer. Ohio shipped the products down the Mississippi river and traveled to New Orleans. Once it comes to New Orleans, the products are sent down the Gulf of Mexico and then are sent to the Atlantic Ocean. Thomas Jefferson is then motivated to create a nation of farmers. The Louisiana Territory allowed him to implement this invasion.

    3. According to the democratic republicans, if it is not explicitly said in the constitution it is not legal. The president purchasing land from a foreign nation, the constitution did not give the president power to purchase land from a foreign nation. Jefferson did not strictly interpret the constitution. Hamilton argued that the constitution implies that the congress could make a bank. Jefferson said the constitution did not explicitly give congress the power to create a national bank. Jefferson justified his purchase and said the constitution gives me the power to make treaties with France.

    4. Continuity: Native Americans. Refer to lecture notes, Pontiac's speech, Tecumseh and Tenskwatawaa

      1. The Great Spirit gave Neolin a message for Native Americans. Neolin and Pontic relayed it. What did the Great Spirit say about culture and land?

    The Great Spirit said that they should come together and remember their own culture. He criticizes them because they are following the culture of the English and not their own forefathers.

    1. Draw a correlation between Tenskawtawa and the message the Great Spirit gave to Neolin.

    • The native american brothers, Tecumseh and Tenskwatawa were from the Shawnee tribe. Tenskawata was a religious profit who “preached that Indians should abandon American alcohol, clothing, food, and manufactured goods.

    • This is like that of Pontiac’s speech where he told natives the same message, which the Great Spirit preached to Neolin. Tenskawata not only advocated for natives to abandon the culture of white Americans, but he wanted them to separate from white Americans and return to the culture of traditional natives.

    1. Compare and contrast Neolin and Tecumseh. Focus on what they said about the relationship between various Native American tribes.

    Overall concept was Pan Indian Alliance which was a movement where Native American tribes unite to address shared political and social issues. Neolin came first and later on Tecumseh agreed.

    1. Compare and contrast Tecumseh and Pontiac. Focus on how they responded to the approach the Great Spirit wanted Native Americans to employ to reclaim their land and culture.

    • Around 1810, Tec called for natives to revolt against Americans along the frontier. Pontiac rebelled, but Tecumseh just planned to attack some white Americans along the frontier.

    • In Pontiac's speech, he also said that in order to reclaim your land and culture, you need to revolt. Tecumseh advocated for the same thing (resistance is necessary). He said this was necessary because the only “alternative” was “extermination”. He gave examples of other tribes who had vanished under white oppression, showing why they needed to revolt and take back their culture.

    NEW:

    1. Know what life was like before the Market Revolution (1800-1850)?

    • Before the Market Revolution, weavers (example of artisans) made cloth by hand. Also subsistence farmers made food primarily for their families; they sold food items (surplus crops) in the local market (not large scale).

    • Prior to the Market Revolution, farmers and other artisans produced items for the local market. Consumers bought products locally.

    1. What are the defining features of Market Revolution?

    • When the Market Revolution took place, factories replaced artisans (skilled workers) and commercial farming replaced subsistence farming.

    • After the Market Revolution, factories mass produced items such as cloth. Mass produced=making a lot in a short amount of time. Commercial farmers mass produced food items.

    • Another defining feature of the Market Revolution: producers and consumers were connected by a national and international market. See examples below:

    • Commercial farmers in Ohio and Illinois produced wheat and corn for consumers in New York and Massachusetts.

    • Planters in the South provided cotton (grown by their slaves) to textile factories in New England and Europe.

    1. How did the Transportation Revolution help give rise to the Market Revolution?
    • The advent of canals (canals are man-made waterways that connected rivers, lakes, and oceans) and steamboats made it possible for producers to quickly transport large quantities of their goods at a cheaper price to national and international markets (see above for how national and international markets connected consumers and producers).

    Specific Example:

    • Steamboats combined with the Erie Canal (1825) and Ohio and Erie Canal (1833) made it possible for farmers in Ohio (example Cincinnati) to transport their products to the East Coast (example New York City) in less than three weeks.
    1. Precisely how did steamboats and the Erie Canal (1825) and the Ohio and Erie Canal (1833) make it possible for Ohio farmers to transport their products the East Coast (example New York City) in less than three weeks?
    • The steamboat (In 1807, Robert Fulton developed the steamboat that successfully sailed on the Hudson River) went 5 miles per hour and allowed for people to sail upstream (in addition to downstream). This invention, combined with the advent of the Erie Canal and Ohio and Erie Canal, allowed for Ohio producers to ship large quantities of their products faster and cheaper to the East coast using the following path: Ohio River>>>>>Ohio and Erie Canal>>>>>Lake Erie>>>>>>Erie Canal>>>>>>Hudson River>>>>>New York City (East Coast).
    1. a) How long did it take to ship products from Cincinnati to New York City before the Transportation Revolution? b) Why did it take so long to ship products?

    • a) Before canals and steamboats, it took seven weeks to ship products from Cincinnati, Ohio to New York City.

    • b) One could only sail a flatboat downstream (not upstream) and it was slower than a steamboat. The following path took longer: Ohio farmers sent their products South (downstream) on the Mississippi River (MS River) via a flatboat to New Orleans>>>>>>> product shipped to the Gulf of Mexico/Gulf coast>>>>>east coast of the United States (Atlantic Ocean)>>>>> New York City.

    1. What’s the connection between the Market Revolution and the following inventions?

    • John Deere’s steel plow (1837) enabled farmers to mass produce food items by allowing them to prepare more soil for planting. Invention especially helpful for western farmers; soil in the west not naturally good for planting food crops.

    • Mechanical reaper. Invented by Cyrus McCormick in 1831. Enabled farmers to mass produce food items by allowing them to harvest (harvest= gather from the planting fields) more crops.

    • Combination of John Deere’s steel plow and Cyrus McCormick’s mechanical reaper led to output of wheat tripling between 1840 and 1860.

    • Spinning Jenny (1764): allowed for the mass production of textiles through quickly turning cotton into thread.

    • Power Loom (1785): allowed for the mass production of textiles through quickly weaving thread into cloth.

    • Factory System (early 1800s): Boston Associates, group of merchants established factories (in Lowell, Massachusetts) where workers operated power looms and spinning jenny. Outcome of the Boston Associates developing factory system: thread and textiles mass produced in factories.

    • Eli Whitney Cotton Gin (1793). By quickly separating the seeds from the cotton, this machine greatly increased cotton production. Before people would manually remove seeds from cotton; this slowed down cotton production.

    1. Why did cotton replace tobacco as the primary crop grown in the South during the 19th century (1800s)?

    • Market Revolution played a role: the mass production of textiles (made possible by power loom and spinning jenny) created a demand for cotton in New England (home of the American textile industry) and England (this country housed many textile factories). Because of the cotton gin, the South, through slave labor, supplied textile factories with cotton.

    • Slaveowners/planters stopped producing tobacco in the 19th century because they could no longer make money from it.

    1. Cotton replaced tobacco as the primary crop grown in the South during the 19th century (1800s) What impact did this have on Black slaves?
    • Between 1800-1860, 1 million Black slaves migrated (forced) from the Upper South (The Chesapeake: Virginia and Maryland) to Deep South (Alabama and Mississippi) to cultivate cotton. They were transported via the domestic slave trade.
    1. What caused the Second Great Awakening, a period of religious revival (1800-1830)?

    • Religious leaders concerned about church participation declining (fewer than 10 percent of white Americans regularly attended church).

    • The Market Revolution led to the Second Great Awakening. How? The Market Revolution provided an opportunity for producers to gain wealth through selling products to national and international markets. Religious leaders feared this would lead to greed, which they viewed as sin.

    1. Focus of sermons during the Second Great Awakening and outcomes of this religious movement (1800-1830)?
    • Focus of sermons. Charles G. Finney: people are “moral free agents.” They are free to select either a life of sin or Christian life. If people select the Christian life, they should work towards creating a world free of sin.

    Outcomes of the Second Great Awakening:

    • The Second Great Awakening gave rise to a faction within the Abolitionist Movement. This group saw slavery as a sin. Since Great Awakening preachers called on Christians to create a world free of sin, these Christians organized to abolish slavery.

    • William Lloyd Garrison representative of this faction. Through his organization, The American Antislavery Society (1831), and publication, The Liberator, Garrison called for immediate abolishment of slavery and used moral suasion. Moral suasion=convincing people (slaveholders and other supporters of slavery) that slavery was a sin/morally wrong; once they were persuaded slavery was a sin, they would work to end slavery.

    1. Category: Reform Movement. Identify differences among abolitionists groups.

    • William Lloyd Garrison and American Antislavery Society (see above).

    • American Colonization Society (1816): Supported gradual emancipation (liberation) of slaves. This organization established a colony in Monrovia, Liberia for newly freed Black slaves to live. Why did the American Colonization Society take this approach? They believed that slavery went against the ideals of the American Revolution: “all men are created equal.” However, organization members saw African Americans as a “degraded (inferior)” and believed free Black Americans “posed a threat to white society.”

    • The Colored Females’ Free Produce Society (1831). Organization of Black women abolitionists. Worked towards eliminating slavery through 1) providing members with goods that were not produced by slave labor and 2) persuading people to boycott goods produced by slave labor.

    • Use of violence to end slavery. In David Walker’s An Appeal to the Colored Citizens of the World, he called for slaves to revolt against their masters to end slavery; in cases where a proslavery white person attempted to kill Black slaves, Walker encouraged Black slaves to kill them in self-defense. Nat Turner, a slave preacher, led a slave rebellion in Southampton, Virginia in 1831. Killed 55 white people with the goal of overthrowing slavery.

    1. Identify the connection between the Abolitionist Movement and the 19th century Women’s Liberation Movement.

    • Upper Middle Class, white women abolitionists such as Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Lucretia Mott were active in the Abolitionist Movement.

    • Women activists experienced sexism in the Abolitionist Movement. Examples: 1) women were prohibited from making policies. 2) men prohibited Elizabeth Cady Stanton Mott and Lucretia Mott from speaking at the World Antislavery Convention (held in London, England in 1840) because they were women.

    • The discrimination women experienced in the Abolitionist Movement motivated them to fight against sexism. Primary example: Lucretia Mott and Elizabeth Cady Stanton organized the Seneca Falls Convention (1848). Women in attendance, mostly upper class, white women, signed the “Declaration of Sentiments.”

    1. How did the Declaration of Independence influence the Declaration of Sentiments?
    • The quote below from the Declaration of Sentiments shows the influence. When you see the quote on the exam, know it means the following: The Declaration of Independence provided women at the Seneca Falls Convention with a justification as to why they were deserving of certain inalienable rights. What was the justification?  God gave them these rights.

    1. “we hold these truths to be self-evident that all men and women are created equal; that they are endowed by their creator with certain inalienable rights.”

    2. Inalienable rights women at the Seneca Falls Convention desired:

    • a) the right to vote b) the right to keep their wages and own property (end of coverture) c) Fair divorce and child custody laws that did not privilege men over women d) same employment opportunities as men e) the same educational opportunities as men (the right to obtain an undergraduate degree as well as degree in medicine).
    1. What is significant about the time-period 1824-1840?
    • The franchise (the right to vote) expands to include all white men; also, white men regardless of class and religion could not only vote but become politicians.
    1. “Universal White Male Suffrage”=all white men could vote and participate in politics. What gave rise to “Universal White Male Suffrage?”

    • Newly admitted western states included clauses in their state constitutions that allowed all white men to vote and become politicians. These western states: Indiana (1816), Illinois (1818), Missouri (1821).

    • Older eastern states followed suit and abolished restrictions for voting and becoming politicians (example religion and property requirements).

    1. What impact did “Universal White Male Suffrage” have on Andrew Jackson?

    • Jackson won the presidency in 1828 and 1832 because common men (men not born into wealth, working class men, poor men) could vote and they voted for Jackson.

    • Common men voted for Jackson because he appealed to them.

    • Why did Jackson appeal to the common man? 1) Jackson was born poor, not formally educated, and worked hard to acquire his wealth (it was not given to him) 2) Jackson “presented himself as the representative of all the people and protector of the common man against the abuses of power by the rich and the privileged.”

    1. What does the following political cartoon represent? King Andrew I

    • Andrew Jackson’s political opponents viewed him as a tyrant who abused his constitutional (the US Constitution gave him this power) power to veto.

    • Jackson used the veto more than the presidents that preceded him. 12 times.

    • Cartoon depicts Jackson vetoing the Bank of the United States. Congress (made up of Andrew Jackson’s opponents) voted for its rechartering 1832.

    • The political cartoon also shows “internal improvements.” This references Jackson vetoing the Maysville Road Bill (1831).

    • President Andrew Jackson refused to enforce Worcestor v. Georgia (1832).

    • Jackson supported the Force Bill (1833) which empowered the federal government over states.

    1. What was the Maysville Road Bill (1831)?
    • The United States Congress passed this bill which would provide federal funds (money from the federal government) to construct a major road in Kentucky.
    1. Who supported the Maysville Road Bill and why?
    • Many of Andrew Jackson’s opponents (Senator Henry Clay a major one) desired for the federal government to devote money towards improving transportation (this what “internal improvements” means). Why? They believed this would lead to economic growth.
    1. Why did Andrew Jackson veto the Maysville Road Bill?
    • Jackson vetoed this bill on the grounds that the US Constitution did not give the federal government the power to fund the construction of roads within a state.
    1. Know what actions by Andrew Jackson support and contradict the following quote: Jackson “presented himself as the representative of all the people and protector of the common man against the abuses of power by the rich and the privileged.”

    Jackson examined the Bank of the United States and gave the following reasons for vetoing its rechartering in 1832.

    • Quote. “more than a fourth part of the stock is held by foreigners and the rest is held by a few hundred of our own citizens, chiefly the richest class.”  Meaning of this quote: The wealthy (the minority) controlled the bank.

    • Quote: “… It is easy to conceive that great evils to our country….might flow from such a concentration of power in the hands of a few men irresponsible to the people.”  Meaning of quote: The bank gave the wealthy too much power/nothing good can come from the bank giving the wealthy too much power/the wealthy would not use the bank to help the common man.

    • Quote: “It is to be regretted that the rich and powerful too often bend the acts of government to their selfish purpose.” Meaning of quote: The wealthy would use the bank to their advantage.

    Andrew Jackson’s relationship with the Native Americans.

    • What policies regarding Native Americans did Andrew Jackson support? Jackson supported federal (Indian Removal Act of 1830) and state policies that authorized governments (state and federal) to remove Native Americans from the South (east of the Mississippi River) and relocate them to areas west of the Mississippi River such as Oklahoma.

    • Why did Jackson support Indian removal? Jackson sided with white Americans who desired to own Native American land because it was good for growing cotton; these land hungry white Americans wanted Native Americans to leave so they could own the land.  In the 19th century, people could acquire wealth from producing cotton because it was in demand.

    • Worcester v. Georgia (1832). The Supreme Court ruled that the Cherokee was a sovereign nation (independent and self-governing) and therefore Georgia laws (major example: Georgia’s laws that required Indians to move west of the Mississippi River) did not apply to the Cherokees. Nevertheless, Andrew Jackson refused to enforce the Supreme Court ruling. Because of this, the state of Georgia never recognized the Cherokees as a sovereign nation that did not have to follow Georgia state laws. The Supreme Court made the ruling but had no power to enforce it in this case. Andrew Jackson’s decision left the Cherokees vulnerable to removal. Essentially his response was a long term cause of the Trail of Tears.

    • Cause of Trail of Tears (1830s-1850s): During the Presidency of Martin Van Buren, the United States Army forced Cherokees to leave their land (Georgia) and relocate to Oklahoma.

    • What the Trail of Tears references? The hardships Native Americans faced on this forced journey. The Cherokees traveled (forced) and suffered many hardships. Example: harsh winters, “whooping cough, typhus, dysentery, cholera and starvation were epidemic.” Over 4,000 Cherokee died on this forced journey during 1838-1839 on account of these hardships.

    1. Why did the South oppose the Tariff of 1828 and call it the Tariff of Abominations?

    • U.S. Congress approved this tariff and John Quincy Adams signed it into law.

    • This was a tax placed on foreign goods. Objective of tariff: make foreign goods expensive so that US citizens would buy cheaper American versions of the product.

    • Southern states opposed the Tariff of 1828 and referred to it as the Tariff of Abominations.

    • Why did the South oppose this tariff (Reason #1)? It raised the prices of manufactured goods they depended on from foreign nations. Remember: Southerners needed manufactured goods (example clothes, carpets) because the South primarily produced raw materials such as cotton.

    • Reason #2. The South also opposed the Tariff of 1828 because it caused them to lose a major buyer of their cotton:

    Britain’s reaction to the Tariff 1828: it decreased materials it exported to the Americas. Because Britain decreased the amount of goods they exported to the Americans, they didn’t have enough money to purchase a lot of cotton from the South.

    • Southerners felt the tariff benefited the North at their expense. Why? By making British manufactured goods more expensive, the tariff of 1828 was designed to ensure US citizens bought cheaper American manufactured goods (example clothes, carpets). Manufacturing was based in the North not the South (South mainly produced cotton at this time.) in the early 19th century.

    1. Uniqueness of South Carolina and Nullification Theory.

      1. South Carolina, with John C. Calhoun as leader, stood out among the Southern states. Why? Attempted to nullify the Tariff of 1832. South Carolina opposed the Tariff of 1832 for the same reasons it opposed the Tariff of 1828.

      2. John C. Calhoun developed Nullification Theory. The Kentucky Resolution influenced Calhoun’s theory. What was the theory? States can nullify laws that violate the US Constitution. In this case, the US Constitution stipulated that the purpose of tariffs is to raise revenue (taxes), not to limit competition. Remember, this tariff was designed to help Northern industry by limiting its competition with Britain.

    2. Nullification Crisis.

      1. In response to the Tariff of 1832, South Carolina (SC) “declared the tax on imported goods null and void.” In other words, the SC government would not enforce this tariff in the state of South Carolina. South Carolina used John C. Calhoun’s nullification theory to justify (to prove to be right) nullifying the Tariff of 1832.

      2. When South Carolina nullified the Tariff of 1832, President Andrew Jackson, “persuaded Congress to enact a Force Bill authorizing him to send the army and navy to” South Carolina to collect this tax. He also issued the Proclamation to the People of South Carolina, which stated that nullification was an act of treason.

      3. Crisis resolved. Senator Henry Clay, with John C. Calhoun’s help, “engineered the passage of[a new] tariff in 1833”; New tariff= lower than previous tariffs. After this, South Carolina withdrew its nullification ordinance.

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    Prepare for your US History midterm with this comprehensive review study guide covering Units 1 to 4. Collaborate with classmates to ensure your notes are accurate and clear up any uncertainties with your teacher. This guide is essential for mastering key concepts and questions ahead of the exam.

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