AP US History Midterm Review: Settlement to War of 1812

The Federalists favored a strong central government with a powerful executive, while the Anti-Federalists preferred a weaker central government and more power for the states.

Washington's presidency established precedents like the two-term limit, the formation of a cabinet system, and a neutral foreign policy.

The Whiskey Rebellion, in which farmers protested a whiskey tax, showed the federal government's power to enforce laws and suppress unrest.

Washington's Farewell Address warned against political factions, foreign entanglements, and the formation of permanent alliances.

The XYZ Affair, an attempt at bribery by French agents, led the Federalists to pass the Alien and Sedition Acts, which restricted free speech and press.

Jefferson's presidency saw the Louisiana Purchase, the Lewis and Clark Expedition, and the end of the Barbary Wars. His focus on reducing government size and debt, however, led to some criticisms about his term's length.

The early 1800s saw a shift towards a more agrarian economy due to factors like the Louisiana Purchase, increased westward expansion, and advancements in agriculture.

The War of 1812 led to a shift in American foreign policy toward a more assertive stance. It also fostered national pride and a sense of unity.

The French focused on trade and alliances with Native American tribes, establishing settlements in strategically located areas for resource extraction and fur trade. They primarily prioritized economic interests and cooperation with indigenous populations.

Jamestown's success is debatable. While it faced initial challenges, including disease and conflict, it eventually established itself as a profitable tobacco-growing colony. However, its reliance on forced labor and its early years with a high death rate make its success complex.

Puritans believed in the separation of church and state, with religious freedom granted to themselves. They established a theocratic government, emphasizing individual responsibility and social order. Their belief in being a model society influenced their political structure.

The French and Indian War, also known as the Seven Years' War, was a conflict between Britain and France for control of North America. It involved Native American allies on both sides, and Britain ultimately emerged victorious, expanding its colonial territory.

The Great Awakening was a religious revival movement that emphasized personal experience, individual conscience, and emotional devotion. It appealed to various social groups, including the lower classes and women, promoting religious participation and challenging traditional authority.

The Albany Plan of Union proposed a unified government for the British colonies in North America. It aimed to strengthen colonial defense and forge a united front against common threats. While not implemented, it foreshadowed the need for greater cooperation and political unity among the colonies.

The colonists protested British policies like taxation without representation, restrictions on trade, limitations on westward expansion, and oppressive laws. The Boston Tea Party, the Intolerable Acts, and the outbreak of fighting at Lexington and Concord led to the American Revolution.

The Articles of Confederation, the first government structure of the United States, lacked strong centralized authority. It suffered from limited power to tax, regulate trade, and address interstate disputes. The Constitution addressed these weaknesses by establishing a more powerful federal government with a clear division of powers.

The belief that the United States was destined to expand westward across the North American continent, driven by a sense of American exceptionalism and the desire for new land and resources.

A term used to describe the economic and social system of the antebellum South, centered on the production and export of cotton, which relied heavily on slave labor.

The Second Great Awakening was a period of religious revivalism in the United States that began in the late 18th century and continued into the 19th century. It emphasized personal experience, emotionalism, and individual responsibility for salvation. This revivalism had a significant impact on society by promoting social reform movements, such as abolitionism, temperance, and women's rights.

A series of improvements in transportation and infrastructure that connected different regions of the United States, fostering economic interdependence.

Frederick Jackson Turner's thesis argued that the frontier played a crucial role in shaping American character, fostering individualism, democracy, and a spirit of innovation. It also claimed that the frontier had a taming and refining effect on American culture.

The Mexican-American War was a conflict between the United States and Mexico from 1846 to 1848. The main cause was the dispute over the territory of Texas, which had recently declared its independence from Mexico. The war resulted in the United States gaining a significant amount of territory, including California, Nevada, Utah, Arizona, New Mexico, and parts of Colorado, Wyoming, and Kansas. However, it also deepened sectional tensions between the North and South over the expansion of slavery.

A collection of reading materials, designed to promote literacy and instill moral values in children. The McGuffey Reader was widely used in American schools in the 19th century, helping to establish the importance of public education and shaping American culture.

The growth of Catholicism in the United States was fueled by immigration from Catholic countries, primarily from Ireland and Germany. Anti-Catholicism, a backlash against the increasing Catholic presence, emerged as a reaction to fears of Catholic influence on American society and political institutions.

A ruling by the Supreme Court in the early 19th century that gave the court vast power to interpret the Constitution and strike down laws deemed unconstitutional. This ruling marked a significant shift in the power of the federal government and helped to shape the direction of the nation's legal system.

The Monroe Doctrine, announced in 1823, declared the Western Hemisphere off-limits to further colonization by European powers. Motivated by the threat of European intervention in the wake of Latin American independence movements, the doctrine sought to protect the US's regional interests and assert its growing influence on the world stage.

Henry Clay's American System was an ambitious economic program that aimed to promote national growth and prosperity. It encompassed three key elements: a protective tariff to promote American industry, a national bank to provide a stable currency and facilitate commerce, and federal funding for internal improvements such as roads, canals, and infrastructure projects.

The Tariff of 1816 was intended to protect American industries from foreign competition by imposing higher tariffs on imported goods. While it aimed to stimulate domestic manufacturing, it also had the effect of creating tension between the North and South, prompting debates about the balance of power and economic interests.

The “corrupt bargain” was a controversial deal made in the presidential election of 1824. Andrew Jackson, who had won the popular vote, was denied presidency by a vote in the House of Representatives. John Quincy Adams, the eventual winner, was accused of having made backroom deals with the House Speaker, Henry Clay, to secure the election.

The elections of 1824 and 1828 showcased a growing shift in the political landscape. The emergence of a more democratic electorate, with broader participation by the common man, led to increased political activism and heightened tensions. These shifts reflected the nation's evolving political culture, with increased focus on the interests of the ordinary citizen.

The Jacksonian Era saw a significant increase in common people participating in the political process alongside reforms that challenged established norms such as the power of entrenched elites, and the privileges they enjoyed. This growing democratization of politics fueled a sense of social change and redefined the political landscape of the nation.

An early labor union case that was decided by the Supreme Court in 1842, Commonwealth v. Hunt recognized the right of workers to form unions and conduct strikes. This precedent played a crucial role in shaping the trajectory of labor movements in the United States, paving the way for greater worker rights and protections.