Urolithiasis Quiz
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Questions and Answers

What is the procedure described for treating an over tight foreskin called?

Phimosis

Match the following terms with their descriptions:

Paraphimosis = Inability to return the foreskin back over the head of the penis Heidoplex = Movement that cannot be descended Imosis = Long period of exam and prepuce cleaning which can't return to original position Problems = Factors including pain and swelling in the glans or complications after surgical reduction

Prostatitis is inflammation of the ________ due to infection.

prostate

What is a common symptom of urethritis?

<p>Painful urination</p> Signup and view all the answers

Epididymo-orchitis is typically caused by a bacterial infection.

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the term used for the condition where there is an inability to pass urine?

<p>acute urinary retention</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which diagnostic test is commonly used in cases of acute urinary retention to assess the urinary bladder?

<p>Suprapubic cystoscopy</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following terms with their meanings related to testicular torsion:

<p>Doppler ultrasound = Blood flow Neonates and adolescents = Demographic at risk Phren's sign = Testicular elevation Bell clapper deformity = High-riding testicle</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the most common cause of lower urinary tract infections?

<p>E. coli infection</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the preferred diagnostic test to confirm the presence of renal stones in pregnant women?

<p>Abdo USS</p> Signup and view all the answers

Urinalysis can show hematuria and crystals in urine in patients with ________.

<p>Uraemia</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the symptoms with the corresponding condition:

<p>Writhing in pain, pacing about, unable to lie still = Renal stones Flank pain = Renal stones Suprapubic pain = Cystitis Dysuria = Cystitis</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a common cause of hematuria in a patient over 50 years?

<p>Bladder stones</p> Signup and view all the answers

Testicular cancer is mostly asymptomatic.

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary treatment for testicular cancer involving the removal of the affected testis?

<p>Radical orchiectomy</p> Signup and view all the answers

Cryptorchidism is also known as ______.

<p>undescended testicle</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does BPH stand for?

<p>Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia</p> Signup and view all the answers

Define 'Frequency' in terms of urinary definitions.

<p>Frequency refers to how often someone urinates within a specific time period.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the other name for Renal Cell Carcinoma?

<p>Clear-Cell Carcinoma</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the most common renal malignancy?

<p>Renal Cell Carcinoma</p> Signup and view all the answers

What gene mutation is commonly associated with Renal Cell Carcinoma? (*Von __________ disease)

<p>Hippel-Lindau</p> Signup and view all the answers

Renal Cell Carcinoma can present with flank pain.

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following symptoms with Renal Cell Carcinoma presentation:

<p>Painless gross hematuria = 1. Painless Gross Hematuria Palpable mass in abdomen = 2. Flank pain CBC: Weakness, anemia = 3. Palpable mass Visceral cysts = 4. CBC: Weakness and Anemia</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is incontinence?

<p>Involuntary leakage of urine</p> Signup and view all the answers

Define urgency in terms of urination.

<p>Sudden and strong need to urinate immediately</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is micturition?

<p>The process of urination, including reflexes involved in emptying the bladder</p> Signup and view all the answers

Explain dysuria.

<p>Painful or difficult urination</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does oliguria refer to?

<p>Decreased urine output, typically less than 400 milliliters in a day</p> Signup and view all the answers

Describe anuria.

<p>Absence of urine production</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is gynecomastia?

<p>Enlargement of breast tissue in males</p> Signup and view all the answers

What technique can be used for reducing oedema with ice packs?

<p>Dundee Technique</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the name given to the process that involves the use of needle punctures into the glans penis to allow drainage of oedematous fluid?

<p>Dundee Technique</p> Signup and view all the answers

What condition involves necrotizing fasciitis, fever, altered mental state, and dramatic and rapid progression?

<p>Fournier's Gangrene</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are common symptoms of varicocele?

<p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the standard treatment for varicocele?

<p>Surgery</p> Signup and view all the answers

Hydrocele can lead to elevated fluid levels around the testicles.

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the recommended timeframe for follow-up tests after initial diagnosis of hydrocele?

<p>6-12 months</p> Signup and view all the answers

What condition involves swelling of the testicles due to blood collecting in it, experiencing dull aching pain, and radiating through the groin?

<p>Haematocle</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following categories related to urological cancers:

<p>Pathophysiology = The underlying physiology Cause = The underlying reason Symptoms = Clinical manifestations Diagnostic Tests = Tests used for diagnosis Treatment = Approaches to manage the condition</p> Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Urolithiasis

  • Renal stones formed in the kidneys, and Urolithiasis refers to stones that exit the renal pelvis and move into the remainder of the urinary collecting system (ureters, bladder, urethra)
  • Causes:
    • Hypercalcaemia (80%)
    • Chronic UTI (15%, "staghorn" struvite stones)
    • Uraemia (urate stones, associated with gout)
  • Risk Factors:
    • Family history
    • Recurrent UTIs
    • Obesity, high salt diet
    • Painful hematuria
  • Symptoms:
    • Flank pain
    • Intense colicky pain
    • Dysuria
    • Tip of penis pain
  • Diagnostic Tests:
    • Abdo USS (confirm stone, preferred for pregnant women)
    • Abdo XR (confirm calcium vs radio-lucent stone)
    • Urinalysis (hematuria +/- crystals in urine)
  • Treatment:
    • Analgesics
    • Hydration
    • Surgery
    • Alpha blockers to relax distal ureter & diuretics
    • Uteroscopy scopic removal of the stones
  • Complications:
    • Hydronephrosis
    • Post-renal failure
    • Infection

Pyelonephritis

  • Inflammation of the pyelum (pelvis) of the kidney
  • Causes:
    • Ascending UTI
  • Symptoms:
    • Fever
    • Chills
    • Nausea/vomiting
    • Flank pain
  • Diagnostic Tests:
    • Clinical diagnosis
    • Urinalysis (pyuria, bacteriuria)
    • Blood cultures
  • Treatment:
    • Oral antibiotics (2 weeks)
    • IV antibiotics (severe cases)
    • Hospitalization (septic patients)
  • Complications:
    • Chronic pyelonephritis
    • Chronic renal failure

Lower UTI's

Cystitis

  • Inflammation of the bladder
  • Causes:
    • Bacterial infection (E. coli most common)
  • Symptoms:
    • Suprapubic pain
    • Dysuria
    • Frequency
    • Urgency
  • Diagnostic Tests:
    • Urinalysis (pyuria, bacteriuria)
    • Urine culture
  • Treatment:
    • Antibiotics (3 days, uncomplicated)
    • Oral antibiotics (7 days, complicated)
  • Complications:
    • Pyelonephritis
    • Sepsis
    • Chronic cystitis

Urethritis

  • Inflammation of the urethra
  • Causes:
    • Neisseria gonorrhoeae
    • Chlamydia trachomatis
  • Symptoms:
    • Urethral discharge
    • Dysuria
    • Obstructive symptoms
  • Diagnostic Tests:
    • Urinalysis (pyuria, bacteriuria)
    • Urine culture
  • Treatment:
    • Antibiotics (ceftriaxone or azithromycin)
  • Complications:
    • Epididymitis
    • Orchitis
    • Chronic urethritis### UROLOGIC EMERGENCIES
  • Acute Urinary Retention:
    • Inability to pass urine
    • Painful urgency
    • Palpable bladder
    • Treatment: Urethral catheterization
    • Risk factors: BPH, Urethral stricture, Neurogenic bladder, Diabetes
  • Epididymo-Orchitis:
    • Inflammation of epididymis and testis
    • Gradual onset of pain, swelling, and fever
    • Risk factors: HIV, Homosexuality, Prolonged sitting
    • Treatment: Antibiotics, Pain management, Supportive care
  • Testicular Torsion:
    • Sudden onset of severe testicular pain
    • Scrotal swelling
    • Absence of cremasteric reflex
    • Treatment: Emergent surgical exploration and detorsion
    • Risk factors: Undescended testes, Trauma, Torsion of the appendix testis
  • Paraphimosis:
    • Trapping of foreskin behind the glans penis
    • Progressive pain and swelling
    • Treatment: Manual reduction, Ice packs, Analgesia, Circumcision
    • Risk factors: Phimosis, Uncircumcised males, Poor hygiene
  • Urinary Tract Infections (UTIs):
    • Lower UTIs: Cystitis, Urethritis
    • Upper UTIs: Pyelonephritis
    • Symptoms: Dysuria, Frequency, Urgency, Hematuria
    • Risk factors: Female gender, Age, Diabetes, Catheterization
    • Treatment: Antibiotics, Fluid management, Pain management### Reducing Oedema
  • Similar technique for reducing oedema can be performed with ice packs
  • "Dundee Technique" involves the use of needle punctures into the glans penis to allow drainage of oedematous fluid

Fournier's Gangrene

  • Necrotizing fasciitis of the genitalia and perineum
  • Severe pain and fever
  • Clinical features: crepitus and altered mental state
  • Routinely performed blood and cultures
  • Broad-spectrum antibiotics and immediate surgical debridement

Varicocele

  • Dilated/enlarged veins in the scrotum
  • Pain dull, aching, and when standing late
  • Visual inspection and palpation
  • US or physical examination
  • Pain killers and ibuprofen
  • Surgery may be required

Hydrocele

  • Elevated fluid levels around the testicle
  • Painless swelling of one or both testicles
  • Physical examination and US
  • Blood and urine tests
  • Goes away on its own within 6-12 months
  • Surgical drainage may be needed

Haematocoele

  • Swelling of the testicle due to blood collection
  • Unusual lump and sudden pain
  • Physical examination and US
  • CT or MRI
  • Conservative treatment and small
  • Painless and small: If painless and small

Urological Cancers

Bladder Cancer

  • Most common cause of gross hematuria in a patient > 50 years
  • Risk factors: tobacco, analgesics, family history
  • Symptoms: painful, frequent, and urgent urination
  • Diagnostic tests: history, and examination, CBC, cystoscopy/biopsy
  • Treatment: intra-vesicular chemotherapy, TURBT, radical cystectomy
  • Complications: metastasis

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This quiz covers the pathophysiology, causes, symptoms, diagnostic tests, and treatment of urolithiasis, including risk factors and types of stones.

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