Urinary Tract Obstructions Overview

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Questions and Answers

What is a primary cause of upper urinary tract obstruction?

  • Prostate enlargement
  • Nephrolithiasis (correct)
  • Bladder dysfunction due to diabetes
  • Urethral stricture

Which condition is most likely to cause lower urinary tract obstruction in older males?

  • Hydronephrosis
  • Nephrolithiasis
  • Congenital anomalies
  • Prostate enlargement (correct)

How does obstruction affect the glomerular filtration rate (GFR)?

  • It causes an increase in GFR due to increased pressure
  • It has no effect on GFR
  • It reduces GFR by increasing intraluminal pressure (correct)
  • It causes GFR to fluctuate unpredictably

What might result from prolonged urinary tract obstruction?

<p>Hydronephrosis and kidney damage (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What condition may result from the compression of the renal cortex and medulla?

<p>Renal atrophy (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following could be a cause of upper urinary tract obstruction due to external factors?

<p>Tumors compressing the urinary tract (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a significant risk factor for urinary tract infections (UTIs) due to stagnant urine?

<p>Urinary stasis (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which condition is characterized by narrowing of the urethra, often due to trauma or infection?

<p>Urethral stricture (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What anatomical changes occur in the kidneys due to hydronephrosis?

<p>Dilation of the renal pelvis and calyces (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a possible outcome of unilateral kidney obstruction?

<p>Compensatory hypertrophy in the unaffected kidney (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In which group is pelvic organ prolapse most commonly associated?

<p>Older females (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which factors do NOT relate to the risk of urinary tract obstructions?

<p>Physical activity level (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a common cause of infections secondary to urinary tract obstructions?

<p>E. coli bacteria (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What demographic is most likely at risk for nephrolithiasis (kidney stones)?

<p>Middle-aged adults, especially men (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which condition is characterized by the presence of large volumes of stagnant urine?

<p>Hydronephrosis (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the risk associated with a high intake of sodium, oxalate, or animal protein?

<p>Increased risk of nephrolithiasis (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Urinary Tract Obstruction

A narrowing or blockage of the urinary tract, preventing urine flow.

Renal Atrophy

Loss of kidney function due to compression or damage.

Urinary Tract Infection (UTI)

Infection in the urinary tract, often caused by stagnant urine.

Compensatory Hypertrophy

The unaffected kidney gets bigger to compensate for the obstructed kidney.

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Renal Fibrosis

Scarring and irreversible damage to the kidney.

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Nephrolithiasis

Kidney stones, small hard deposits in the kidneys.

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Prostate Enlargement

Enlargement of the prostate gland, common in men over 50.

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Pelvic Organ Prolapse

A condition where pelvic organs descend into the vagina.

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Hydronephrosis

A condition in which urine backs up into the kidneys, causing the renal pelvis and calyces to dilate, leading to kidney damage.

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Nephrolithiasis (Kidney Stones)

The formation of crystals, proteins, or other substances in the kidneys or ureters, leading to obstruction.

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Congenital Anomalies in the Urinary Tract

Congenital anomalies in the urinary tract, causing structural abnormalities that obstruct urine flow.

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Compression of the Urinary Tract

Tumors, pregnancy, or fibrosis surrounding the ureters can cause pressure on the urinary tract, impacting urine flow.

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Urethral Stricture

Narrowing of the urethra due to infection, trauma, or scar tissue, hindering urine flow.

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Bladder Dysfunction (Neurogenic Bladder)

Conditions affecting the bladder's ability to contract properly, leading to lower urinary tract obstruction.

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Study Notes

Urinary Tract Obstructions

  • Urinary tract obstructions are blockages that impede urine flow, affecting areas from the renal pelvis to the urethra. Classifications include upper and lower urinary tract obstructions.

Causes of Upper Urinary Tract Obstruction

  • Nephrolithiasis (Kidney Stones): Formation of crystals (calcium oxalate, calcium phosphate, uric acid, or struvite) in kidneys or ureters.
  • Congenital Anomalies: Structural abnormalities in the urinary tract.
  • Compression of the Urinary Tract: Tumors, pregnancy, or fibrous tissue around ureters.

Causes of Lower Urinary Tract Obstruction

  • Prostate Enlargement (BPH): Common in older males.
  • Urethral Stricture: Narrowing of the urethra due to infection, trauma, or scar tissue.
  • Pelvic Organ Prolapse: In females, organs like the bladder, rectum, or uterus may prolapse, obstructing the bladder.
  • Bladder Dysfunction (Neurogenic Bladder): Neurological conditions impair bladder contraction.

Pathophysiology of Urinary Tract Obstructions

  • Blockage and Pressure Increase: Urine accumulates upstream, increasing intraluminal pressure, especially in Bowman's capsule, reducing glomerular filtration rate (GFR), and potentially decreasing kidney function. The longer the blockage lasts, the greater risk for damage, including hydronephrosis (kidney swelling).
  • Hydronephrosis: Dilation of the renal pelvis and calices due to urine backup, causing kidney damage over time.

Infection and Urinary Stasis

  • Urine stasis (stagnant urine) increases the risk of urinary tract infections (UTIs).

Compensatory Changes

  • If only one kidney is affected, the unaffected kidney compensates to maintain function. Long-term obstructions may lead to renal fibrosis and irreversible kidney damage.

Disease Transmission

  • Urinary tract obstructions are not infectious. However, infections from bacteria like E. coli can secondary to obstructions.

Risk Factors for Upper Urinary Tract Obstruction

  • Nephrolithiasis (Kidney Stones): Age, Gender, Race, Geographic location, Climate, Dietary factors, Medical Conditions (hyperparathyroidism, metabolic disorders).

Risk Factors for Lower Urinary Tract Obstruction

  • Prostate Enlargement (BPH): Age >50, particularly in those with BPH.
  • Pelvic Organ Prolapse: Multiple pregnancies or pelvic surgeries increase risk.

Other Relevant Information

  • Urethral Stricture: Scar tissue from trauma, infection, or surgery.
  • Neurogenic Bladder: Conditions like spinal cord injuries, multiple sclerosis (MS), or stroke impair bladder control.

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