Urinary System Overview
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Urinary System Overview

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Questions and Answers

What is the main function of the kidneys in terms of excretion?

  • Regulate water and electrolyte balance
  • Excrete urine containing metabolic waste products (correct)
  • Produce erythropoietin hormone
  • Hydroxylate vitamin D3 to its active form
  • What is the function of the renin hormone produced by the kidneys?

  • Regulate water and electrolyte balance
  • Stimulate production of erythrocytes
  • Hydroxylate vitamin D3 to its active form
  • Share in regulation of blood pressure (correct)
  • What is the active secretory part of the urineferous tubules?

  • Collecting tubules
  • Proximal convoluted tubules
  • Nephrons (correct)
  • Malpighian corpuscles
  • What is the color of the cortex of the kidney?

    <p>Red</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the erythropoietin hormone produced by the kidneys?

    <p>Stimulate production of erythrocytes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the structural unit of the kidney?

    <p>Nephron</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the excretory part of the urineferous tubules?

    <p>Collecting tubules</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the average volume of urine excreted by the kidneys per day?

    <p>1500 – 2000 ml</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the process by which the Malpighian Renal corpuscles form the glomerular filtrate?

    <p>Dialysis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What surrounds the glomerular blood capillaries?

    <p>Bowman's Capsule</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of mesangial cells?

    <p>To act as structural support to podocytes and vessels</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the Juxtaglomerular Complex located?

    <p>Under the distal convoluted tubule</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is characteristic of the proximal convoluted tubules?

    <p>Large diameter and more apical microvilli</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is reabsorbed by the proximal convoluted tubules?

    <p>Water, NaCl, Ca, and phosphate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of the visceral layer?

    <p>To form a fenestrated epithelium around the glomerular blood capillaries</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main difference between the proximal and distal convoluted tubules?

    <p>Diameter and location</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the urinary bladder?

    <p>To store and eliminate urine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the outer layer of the kidney formed of?

    <p>Reticular fibers and few collagenous bundles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the loop of Henle in the nephron?

    <p>To reabsorb water and electrolytes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the location of the Malpighian Renal Corpuscles?

    <p>In the cortex of the kidney</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of the ureters?

    <p>To transport urine from the kidneys to the urinary bladder</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the functional and structural unit of the kidney?

    <p>Nephron</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the color of the medulla of the kidney?

    <p>Light grey</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the tubules that form the excretory part of the urineferous tubules?

    <p>Collecting tubules</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of podocytes in the glomerular blood capillaries?

    <p>To form a fenestrated epithelium around the fenestrated capillaries</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which layer of Bowman's capsule is formed of simple squamous epithelium?

    <p>Parietal layer</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic of the epithelium formed by podocytes around the glomerular blood capillaries?

    <p>Fenestrated epithelium</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the difference between the proximal and distal convoluted tubules in terms of diameter?

    <p>Proximal convoluted tubules have a larger diameter</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the afferent arterioles in the glomerular corpuscle?

    <p>To supply blood to the glomerular capillaries</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic of mesangial cells?

    <p>They are branched cells adherent to the surface of glomerular blood capillaries</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which structure is located between the afferent and efferent arterioles?

    <p>Juxtaglomerular Complex</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main difference between the proximal and distal convoluted tubules in terms of reabsorption?

    <p>Proximal convoluted tubules reabsorb glucose and amino acids</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Urinary System

    • The urinary system consists of two kidneys, two ureters, one urinary bladder, and one urethra.
    • The ureters are lined with transitional epithelium.

    Functions of the Kidneys

    • Excrete urine (approximately 1500-2000 ml/24 hours) containing metabolic waste products like urea, creatinine, and uric acid.
    • Regulate water and electrolyte balance, maintaining acid-base balance.
    • Produce renin hormone, which helps regulate blood pressure.
    • Produce erythropoietin hormone, which stimulates erythrocyte production.
    • Hydroxylate vitamin D3 to its active form.

    Structure of the Kidney

    • The kidney is divided into lobes and lobules, with a stroma consisting of a CT capsule, reticular fibers, and few collagenous bundles.
    • The parenchyma is formed of urineferous tubules, comprising:
      • The cortex (outer) with a red color, containing Malpighian Renal Corpuscles.
      • The medulla (inner) with a light grey color, containing medullary rays and collecting tubules.

    The Urineferous Tubule

    • The urineferous tubule is formed of two parts: nephrons (active secretory part) and collecting tubules (excretory part).

    The Nephron

    • The nephron is the functional and structural unit of the kidney.
    • Each nephron is formed of:
      • The Malpighian corpuscle.
      • The proximal and distal convoluted tubules.
      • The loop of Henle.

    The Malpighian Renal Corpuscle

    • The Malpighian renal corpuscles form the glomerular filtrate by the process of dialysis.
    • Each corpuscle is formed of:
      • Bowman's Capsule.
      • Glomerular Capillaries.
      • Supporting Mesangial cells.
      • Afferent and Efferent arterioles.

    Bowman's Capsule

    • Bowman's capsule is a double-walled capsule surrounding the glomerular blood capillaries.
    • It is formed of two continuous layers of epithelium separated by a capsular space:
      • Parietal layer (simple squamous epithelium).
      • Visceral layer (modified simple squamous cells, podocytes, with small foot-like processes, pedicles).

    Mesangial Cells

    • Mesangial cells are branched cells adherent to the surface of glomerular blood capillaries.
    • They act as structural support to podocytes and vessels.

    Juxtaglomerular Complex

    • The Juxtaglomerular Complex is present under the distal convoluted tubule (DCT) and fits between the afferent and efferent arterioles.

    Proximal Convoluted Tubules vs. Distal Convoluted Tubules

    • Proximal convoluted tubules:
      • Have a large diameter.
      • Have more apical microvilli.
      • Reabsorb water, NaCl, Ca, phosphate, glucose, amino acids, and plasma proteins.
      • Excrete creatinine, iodine, and penicillin.
    • Distal convoluted tubules:
      • Have a small diameter.
      • Have less apical microvilli.
      • Reabsorb water and sodium.
      • Excrete sodium, potassium, and ammonium.

    Urinary System

    • The urinary system consists of two kidneys, two ureters, one urinary bladder, and one urethra.
    • The ureters are lined with transitional epithelium.

    Functions of the Kidneys

    • Excrete urine (approximately 1500-2000 ml/24 hours) containing metabolic waste products like urea, creatinine, and uric acid.
    • Regulate water and electrolyte balance, maintaining acid-base balance.
    • Produce renin hormone, which helps regulate blood pressure.
    • Produce erythropoietin hormone, which stimulates erythrocyte production.
    • Hydroxylate vitamin D3 to its active form.

    Structure of the Kidney

    • The kidney is divided into lobes and lobules, with a stroma consisting of a CT capsule, reticular fibers, and few collagenous bundles.
    • The parenchyma is formed of urineferous tubules, comprising:
      • The cortex (outer) with a red color, containing Malpighian Renal Corpuscles.
      • The medulla (inner) with a light grey color, containing medullary rays and collecting tubules.

    The Urineferous Tubule

    • The urineferous tubule is formed of two parts: nephrons (active secretory part) and collecting tubules (excretory part).

    The Nephron

    • The nephron is the functional and structural unit of the kidney.
    • Each nephron is formed of:
      • The Malpighian corpuscle.
      • The proximal and distal convoluted tubules.
      • The loop of Henle.

    The Malpighian Renal Corpuscle

    • The Malpighian renal corpuscles form the glomerular filtrate by the process of dialysis.
    • Each corpuscle is formed of:
      • Bowman's Capsule.
      • Glomerular Capillaries.
      • Supporting Mesangial cells.
      • Afferent and Efferent arterioles.

    Bowman's Capsule

    • Bowman's capsule is a double-walled capsule surrounding the glomerular blood capillaries.
    • It is formed of two continuous layers of epithelium separated by a capsular space:
      • Parietal layer (simple squamous epithelium).
      • Visceral layer (modified simple squamous cells, podocytes, with small foot-like processes, pedicles).

    Mesangial Cells

    • Mesangial cells are branched cells adherent to the surface of glomerular blood capillaries.
    • They act as structural support to podocytes and vessels.

    Juxtaglomerular Complex

    • The Juxtaglomerular Complex is present under the distal convoluted tubule (DCT) and fits between the afferent and efferent arterioles.

    Proximal Convoluted Tubules vs. Distal Convoluted Tubules

    • Proximal convoluted tubules:
      • Have a large diameter.
      • Have more apical microvilli.
      • Reabsorb water, NaCl, Ca, phosphate, glucose, amino acids, and plasma proteins.
      • Excrete creatinine, iodine, and penicillin.
    • Distal convoluted tubules:
      • Have a small diameter.
      • Have less apical microvilli.
      • Reabsorb water and sodium.
      • Excrete sodium, potassium, and ammonium.

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    Description

    This quiz covers the basics of the urinary system, including its components and functions, such as excreting urine and regulating water and electrolyte balance.

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