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What is the main function of the kidneys in terms of excretion?
What is the main function of the kidneys in terms of excretion?
What is the function of the renin hormone produced by the kidneys?
What is the function of the renin hormone produced by the kidneys?
What is the active secretory part of the urineferous tubules?
What is the active secretory part of the urineferous tubules?
What is the color of the cortex of the kidney?
What is the color of the cortex of the kidney?
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What is the function of the erythropoietin hormone produced by the kidneys?
What is the function of the erythropoietin hormone produced by the kidneys?
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What is the structural unit of the kidney?
What is the structural unit of the kidney?
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What is the excretory part of the urineferous tubules?
What is the excretory part of the urineferous tubules?
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What is the average volume of urine excreted by the kidneys per day?
What is the average volume of urine excreted by the kidneys per day?
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What is the process by which the Malpighian Renal corpuscles form the glomerular filtrate?
What is the process by which the Malpighian Renal corpuscles form the glomerular filtrate?
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What surrounds the glomerular blood capillaries?
What surrounds the glomerular blood capillaries?
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What is the function of mesangial cells?
What is the function of mesangial cells?
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What is the Juxtaglomerular Complex located?
What is the Juxtaglomerular Complex located?
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What is characteristic of the proximal convoluted tubules?
What is characteristic of the proximal convoluted tubules?
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What is reabsorbed by the proximal convoluted tubules?
What is reabsorbed by the proximal convoluted tubules?
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What is the main function of the visceral layer?
What is the main function of the visceral layer?
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What is the main difference between the proximal and distal convoluted tubules?
What is the main difference between the proximal and distal convoluted tubules?
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What is the primary function of the urinary bladder?
What is the primary function of the urinary bladder?
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What is the outer layer of the kidney formed of?
What is the outer layer of the kidney formed of?
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What is the function of the loop of Henle in the nephron?
What is the function of the loop of Henle in the nephron?
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What is the location of the Malpighian Renal Corpuscles?
What is the location of the Malpighian Renal Corpuscles?
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What is the main function of the ureters?
What is the main function of the ureters?
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What is the term for the functional and structural unit of the kidney?
What is the term for the functional and structural unit of the kidney?
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What is the color of the medulla of the kidney?
What is the color of the medulla of the kidney?
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What is the term for the tubules that form the excretory part of the urineferous tubules?
What is the term for the tubules that form the excretory part of the urineferous tubules?
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What is the main function of podocytes in the glomerular blood capillaries?
What is the main function of podocytes in the glomerular blood capillaries?
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Which layer of Bowman's capsule is formed of simple squamous epithelium?
Which layer of Bowman's capsule is formed of simple squamous epithelium?
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What is the characteristic of the epithelium formed by podocytes around the glomerular blood capillaries?
What is the characteristic of the epithelium formed by podocytes around the glomerular blood capillaries?
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What is the difference between the proximal and distal convoluted tubules in terms of diameter?
What is the difference between the proximal and distal convoluted tubules in terms of diameter?
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What is the function of the afferent arterioles in the glomerular corpuscle?
What is the function of the afferent arterioles in the glomerular corpuscle?
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What is the characteristic of mesangial cells?
What is the characteristic of mesangial cells?
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Which structure is located between the afferent and efferent arterioles?
Which structure is located between the afferent and efferent arterioles?
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What is the main difference between the proximal and distal convoluted tubules in terms of reabsorption?
What is the main difference between the proximal and distal convoluted tubules in terms of reabsorption?
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Study Notes
Urinary System
- The urinary system consists of two kidneys, two ureters, one urinary bladder, and one urethra.
- The ureters are lined with transitional epithelium.
Functions of the Kidneys
- Excrete urine (approximately 1500-2000 ml/24 hours) containing metabolic waste products like urea, creatinine, and uric acid.
- Regulate water and electrolyte balance, maintaining acid-base balance.
- Produce renin hormone, which helps regulate blood pressure.
- Produce erythropoietin hormone, which stimulates erythrocyte production.
- Hydroxylate vitamin D3 to its active form.
Structure of the Kidney
- The kidney is divided into lobes and lobules, with a stroma consisting of a CT capsule, reticular fibers, and few collagenous bundles.
- The parenchyma is formed of urineferous tubules, comprising:
- The cortex (outer) with a red color, containing Malpighian Renal Corpuscles.
- The medulla (inner) with a light grey color, containing medullary rays and collecting tubules.
The Urineferous Tubule
- The urineferous tubule is formed of two parts: nephrons (active secretory part) and collecting tubules (excretory part).
The Nephron
- The nephron is the functional and structural unit of the kidney.
- Each nephron is formed of:
- The Malpighian corpuscle.
- The proximal and distal convoluted tubules.
- The loop of Henle.
The Malpighian Renal Corpuscle
- The Malpighian renal corpuscles form the glomerular filtrate by the process of dialysis.
- Each corpuscle is formed of:
- Bowman's Capsule.
- Glomerular Capillaries.
- Supporting Mesangial cells.
- Afferent and Efferent arterioles.
Bowman's Capsule
- Bowman's capsule is a double-walled capsule surrounding the glomerular blood capillaries.
- It is formed of two continuous layers of epithelium separated by a capsular space:
- Parietal layer (simple squamous epithelium).
- Visceral layer (modified simple squamous cells, podocytes, with small foot-like processes, pedicles).
Mesangial Cells
- Mesangial cells are branched cells adherent to the surface of glomerular blood capillaries.
- They act as structural support to podocytes and vessels.
Juxtaglomerular Complex
- The Juxtaglomerular Complex is present under the distal convoluted tubule (DCT) and fits between the afferent and efferent arterioles.
Proximal Convoluted Tubules vs. Distal Convoluted Tubules
- Proximal convoluted tubules:
- Have a large diameter.
- Have more apical microvilli.
- Reabsorb water, NaCl, Ca, phosphate, glucose, amino acids, and plasma proteins.
- Excrete creatinine, iodine, and penicillin.
- Distal convoluted tubules:
- Have a small diameter.
- Have less apical microvilli.
- Reabsorb water and sodium.
- Excrete sodium, potassium, and ammonium.
Urinary System
- The urinary system consists of two kidneys, two ureters, one urinary bladder, and one urethra.
- The ureters are lined with transitional epithelium.
Functions of the Kidneys
- Excrete urine (approximately 1500-2000 ml/24 hours) containing metabolic waste products like urea, creatinine, and uric acid.
- Regulate water and electrolyte balance, maintaining acid-base balance.
- Produce renin hormone, which helps regulate blood pressure.
- Produce erythropoietin hormone, which stimulates erythrocyte production.
- Hydroxylate vitamin D3 to its active form.
Structure of the Kidney
- The kidney is divided into lobes and lobules, with a stroma consisting of a CT capsule, reticular fibers, and few collagenous bundles.
- The parenchyma is formed of urineferous tubules, comprising:
- The cortex (outer) with a red color, containing Malpighian Renal Corpuscles.
- The medulla (inner) with a light grey color, containing medullary rays and collecting tubules.
The Urineferous Tubule
- The urineferous tubule is formed of two parts: nephrons (active secretory part) and collecting tubules (excretory part).
The Nephron
- The nephron is the functional and structural unit of the kidney.
- Each nephron is formed of:
- The Malpighian corpuscle.
- The proximal and distal convoluted tubules.
- The loop of Henle.
The Malpighian Renal Corpuscle
- The Malpighian renal corpuscles form the glomerular filtrate by the process of dialysis.
- Each corpuscle is formed of:
- Bowman's Capsule.
- Glomerular Capillaries.
- Supporting Mesangial cells.
- Afferent and Efferent arterioles.
Bowman's Capsule
- Bowman's capsule is a double-walled capsule surrounding the glomerular blood capillaries.
- It is formed of two continuous layers of epithelium separated by a capsular space:
- Parietal layer (simple squamous epithelium).
- Visceral layer (modified simple squamous cells, podocytes, with small foot-like processes, pedicles).
Mesangial Cells
- Mesangial cells are branched cells adherent to the surface of glomerular blood capillaries.
- They act as structural support to podocytes and vessels.
Juxtaglomerular Complex
- The Juxtaglomerular Complex is present under the distal convoluted tubule (DCT) and fits between the afferent and efferent arterioles.
Proximal Convoluted Tubules vs. Distal Convoluted Tubules
- Proximal convoluted tubules:
- Have a large diameter.
- Have more apical microvilli.
- Reabsorb water, NaCl, Ca, phosphate, glucose, amino acids, and plasma proteins.
- Excrete creatinine, iodine, and penicillin.
- Distal convoluted tubules:
- Have a small diameter.
- Have less apical microvilli.
- Reabsorb water and sodium.
- Excrete sodium, potassium, and ammonium.
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Description
This quiz covers the basics of the urinary system, including its components and functions, such as excreting urine and regulating water and electrolyte balance.
