Human Anatomy Urinary System Quiz
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Questions and Answers

Which of the following is NOT a function of the urinary system?

  • Digestion of food (correct)
  • Regulation of blood pressure
  • Excretion
  • Regulation of blood volume

What is the shape of the kidneys?

  • Triangular
  • Bean-shaped (correct)
  • Circular
  • Flat and oval

Where are the kidneys located in the body?

  • In the upper left quadrant of the abdomen
  • In the pelvic cavity
  • Behind the liver
  • Between the 12th thoracic and 3rd lumbar vertebra (correct)

How much do the kidneys typically weigh?

<p>5 ounces (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following components is NOT part of the urinary system?

<p>Liver (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of tubular secretion in the urinary system?

<p>To remove substances from the blood (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following substances is secreted through active transport mechanisms?

<p>H+ ions (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does ammonia secretion occur in the renal system?

<p>By passive mechanisms (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role does the secretion of H+ ions play in the body?

<p>It helps maintain acid-base balance (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT typically removed from the blood through tubular secretion?

<p>Glucose (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the minor calyx in the kidney?

<p>To collect urine from the tip of the renal pyramids (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which structure serves as the outer protective layer of the kidney?

<p>Renal capsule (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of blood does the renal artery carry?

<p>Oxygen-rich blood (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following structures is found in the renal cortex?

<p>Glomerulus (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main role of the renal pelvis in the urinary system?

<p>To collect urine from the calyces (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of the adipose tissue surrounding the kidneys?

<p>To provide cushioning and protection (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which structure exits the kidney at the renal papilla?

<p>Urine (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements is true about the renal vein?

<p>It carries oxygen-poor blood from the kidneys (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What triggers the micturition reflex?

<p>Stretch of urinary bladder wall (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the ureters?

<p>Carry urine to the bladder (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which nerve activity causes the bladder to contract during urination?

<p>Parasympathetic nerve activity (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How much urine can the urinary bladder typically hold?

<p>1000 milliliters (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What fraction of the body's total water content is found in the intracellular fluid compartment?

<p>Two-thirds (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following fluids is NOT included in the extracellular fluid compartment?

<p>Fluid inside cells (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role do sensory neurons play in the urinary system?

<p>Inform the brain about bladder distension (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which part of the urinary system carries urine from the bladder to the outside of the body?

<p>Urethra (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the nephron?

<p>To filter blood and produce urine (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of nephron extends its loop of Henle into the deep part of the medulla?

<p>Juxtamedullary nephrons (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is included in the filtration membrane of the renal corpuscle?

<p>Glomerular capillaries, podocytes, and basement membrane (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of podocytes in the nephron?

<p>To form a barrier that filters fluid in the glomerulus (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the structure that contains Bowman’s capsule?

<p>Renal corpuscle (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How many nephrons are approximately found in each kidney?

<p>Over one million (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What passes first through the proximal tubule in the nephron?

<p>Glomerular ultrafiltrate (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements is true about cortical nephrons?

<p>Their loop of Henle does not extend to the deep part of the medulla. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which ions are primarily responsible for osmotic pressure in extracellular fluid?

<p>Sodium ions (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What effect does parathyroid hormone (PTH) have on calcium ions in the body?

<p>Increases extracellular Ca2+ concentrations (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does aldosterone affect potassium ion levels in the extracellular fluid?

<p>Regulates the concentration of K+ in the ECF (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which hormone reduces blood calcium concentration when it is too high?

<p>Calcitonin (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the mechanism of phosphate and sulfate ion reabsorption in the kidneys?

<p>Active transport (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of buffers in solutions?

<p>Resist changes in pH (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement about potassium ion concentration in electrically excitable tissues is correct?

<p>Must be maintained within a narrow range for normal function (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens when the concentration of phosphate and sulfate ions exceeds the nephron’s reabsorption capacity?

<p>They are excreted into the urine (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Urinary System

The primary organ system responsible for eliminating waste products from the body and regulating fluid balance.

Kidneys

Two bean-shaped organs located in the back of the abdomen, responsible for filtering waste products from the blood and producing urine.

Retroperitoneal

Describing a position behind the peritoneum, the lining of the abdominal cavity. The kidneys are located behind the peritoneum.

What are the main functions of the urinary system?

The urinary system plays a crucial role in excretion, blood pressure regulation, blood solute concentration, fluid pH balance, red blood cell synthesis, and vitamin D synthesis.

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Urinary Bladder

A muscular sac that stores urine before it is excreted from the body.

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Renal Cortex

The outer layer of the kidney, responsible for filtering waste products from the blood.

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Renal Medulla

The inner layer of the kidney, containing structures that concentrate urine before it is excreted.

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Renal Pyramid

The conical structures in the medulla where urine is concentrated.

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Renal Artery

The artery that carries oxygen-rich blood to the kidneys for filtration.

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Renal Vein

The vein that carries filtered blood, now with less waste, away from the kidneys.

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Renal Pelvis

A funnel-shaped structure in the kidney that collects urine from the calyces before it flows to the ureter.

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Calyx

Small cup-like structures in the kidney that collect urine from the renal pyramids.

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What is the difference between minor and major calyx?

Minor calyces collect urine directly from the renal pyramids while major calyces collect urine from multiple minor calyces before it flows to the renal pelvis.

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What is a Nephron?

The functional unit of the kidney responsible for filtering blood and producing urine.

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What are the two types of Nephrons?

Cortical nephrons have short loops of Henle, while juxtamedullary nephrons have long loops that extend deep into the medulla.

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Renal Corpuscle

The structure within a nephron that contains the Bowman's capsule and glomerulus.

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Bowman's Capsule

The enlarged end of a nephron that opens into the proximal tubule, containing podocytes.

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Podocytes

Specialized cells that surround glomerular capillaries, creating spaces for fluid filtration.

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Glomerulus

A network of capillaries within the Bowman's capsule where filtration occurs.

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Filtration Membrane

A structure in the renal corpuscle composed of glomerular capillaries, podocytes, and the basement membrane, allowing only small molecules to pass through.

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Filtrate

The fluid that passes across the filtration membrane and enters the nephron.

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Tubular Secretion

The process where the kidneys remove waste products, toxins, and excess substances from the blood and release them into the urine.

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Active Secretion

Tubular secretion that requires energy to move substances against their concentration gradient from the blood into the tubule.

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Passive Secretion

Tubular secretion that doesn't require energy, substances move down their concentration gradient from blood to tubule.

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Secreted Substances

Substances actively or passively secreted from the blood into the urine include toxic byproducts, drugs, and excess ions.

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H+ Secretion

Active secretion of hydrogen ions (H+) helps regulate the pH balance in the blood by removing excess acid.

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Ureters

Small tubes that carry urine from the kidney to the bladder.

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Urethra

The tube that carries urine from the bladder to the outside of the body.

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Micturition Reflex

The involuntary reflex that controls urination.

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How is micturition triggered?

Stretch receptors in the bladder wall send signals to the spinal cord, stimulating the bladder muscles to contract and relax the sphincter muscles, allowing urine to flow out.

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Intracellular Fluid Compartment

Includes all the fluid inside the cells of the body.

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Extracellular Fluid Compartment

Includes all the fluid outside the cells, such as plasma, interstitial fluid, lymph, and joint fluid.

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What is the main function of the urinary system?

The urinary system filters waste products from the blood, regulates fluid balance, and produces urine.

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Sodium Ions (Na+)

The dominant ions in the extracellular fluid, responsible for about 90-95% of its osmotic pressure. They are regulated by aldosterone, which affects their reabsorption in the kidneys.

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Calcium Ions (Ca2+)

These ions are crucial for the electrical properties of excitable tissues like muscles and nerves. Their concentration is tightly controlled by hormones like parathyroid hormone (PTH) and calcitonin.

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Parathyroid Hormone (PTH)

Secreted by the parathyroid glands, PTH increases the extracellular concentration of calcium ions (Ca2+) in the blood.

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Calcitonin

This hormone helps reduce blood calcium concentration when it is too high, acting as a counterbalance to PTH.

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Potassium Ions (K+)

Essential for the function of excitable tissues like muscles and nerves. Their extracellular concentration must be tightly regulated to ensure proper function.

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Aldosterone and Potassium

Aldosterone plays a crucial role in regulating the concentration of potassium ions (K+) in the extracellular fluid (ECF).

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Phosphate and Sulfate Ions

These ions are reabsorbed by active transport in the kidneys, and excess is excreted in urine. Their reabsorption rate is slow, so high concentrations can lead to their loss in urine.

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Buffers

Chemicals that help resist changes in pH of a solution, important for maintaining the body's acid-base balance.

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Study Notes

Urinary System Overview

  • The urinary system is the body's major excretory system
  • It plays a vital role in excretion, blood volume and pressure regulation, solute concentration regulation, extracellular fluid pH regulation, red blood cell (RBC) synthesis regulation, and vitamin D synthesis regulation.

Components of the Urinary System

  • Two kidneys
  • Two ureters
  • One urinary bladder
  • One urethra

Kidney Characteristics

  • Bilateral retroperitoneal organs
  • Located behind an organ with peritoneum
  • Bean-shaped
  • Weighs about 5 ounces (size of a fist)
  • Positioned between the 12th thoracic and 3rd lumbar vertebrae

Kidney Structures

  • Hilum: Indentation containing renal artery, veins, nerves, and ureter
  • Renal Capsule: Connective tissue surrounding the kidney for protection and acting as a barrier
  • Renal Cortex: Outer portion of the kidney
  • Renal Medulla: Inner portion of the kidney divided into renal pyramids
  • Renal Pyramid: Cone-shaped structures in the medulla
  • Renal Papilla: Tip of the renal pyramid
  • Calyx: Collects urine from the renal papilla (minor calyx) and joins to form the major calyx
  • Renal Pelvis: Area where calyces converge, narrowing to form the ureter
  • Renal Artery and Vein: Carry blood to and from the kidney respectively

Nephron Components

  • Renal Corpuscle: Contains Bowman's capsule and glomerulus
    • Bowman's capsule: Enlarged end of nephron, opens to proximal tubule, contains podocytes
    • Glomerulus: Network of capillaries enclosed in Bowman's capsule, filtration
  • Podocytes: Specialized cells surrounding glomerular capillaries with filtration slits allowing filtration
  • Filtration membrane: Composed of fenestrated glomerular capillary endothelium, basement membrane, and podocyte processes
  • Filtrate: Fluid that passes through the filtration membrane
  • Proximal Convoluted Tubule: Part of nephron receiving filtrate from Bowman's capsule
  • Loop of Henle: Descending and ascending limbs enabling water reabsorption
  • Distal Convoluted Tubule: Part of nephron after the loop of Henle
  • Collecting Duct: Empties into calyces, carrying fluid from the cortex through the medulla

Blood Flow Through The Kidney

  • Renal artery → Interlobar artery → Arcuate artery → Interlobular artery → Afferent arteriole → Glomerulus → Efferent arteriole → Peritubular capillaries → Vasa Recta → Interlobular vein → Arcuate vein → Interlobar vein → Renal vein

Urine Formation

  • Filtration: Movement of materials across the filtration membrane into Bowman's capsule
  • Reabsorption: Movement of water and solutes across the nephron wall and back into the blood
  • Secretion: Movement of substances from the blood into the filtrate

Urine Concentration

  • Descending Loop of Henle: Critical site for water reabsorption due to the highly concentrated interstitial fluid in the medulla
  • Ascending Loop of Henle: Dilutes the filtrate by removing solutes

Hormonal Mechanisms (Urine Regulation)

  • Renin-angiotensin-aldosterone: Regulates blood pressure and sodium reabsorption
  • Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH): Regulates water reabsorption
  • Atrial Natriuretic Hormone (ANH): Decreases water and sodium reabsorption in response to high blood pressure

Micturition

  • Stretch of the urinary bladder wall activates the micturition reflex.
  • Parasympathetic action potentials cause the bladder to contract and sends signals to the brain.
  • The person consciously chooses to urinate.
  • Voluntary control over external urethral sphincter regulated by the brain.

Body Fluid Compartments

  • Intracellular fluid (ICF): Fluid inside cells, high concentration of potassium (K+), Magnesium (Mg²⁺), phosphate (PO₄³⁻) and sulfate (SO₄²⁻)
  • Extracellular fluid (ECF): Fluid outside cells including interstitial fluid, plasma and lymph; high concentration of sodium (Na+), chloride (Cl⁻) and bicarbonate (HCO₃⁻)
  • Water transport between compartments is regulated by osmosis and hydrostatic pressure.

Fluid Composition

  • Intracellular fluid contains high concentrations of potassium, magnesium, phosphate, and sulfate.
  • Extracellular fluid contains high concentrations of sodium, chloride, and bicarbonate.
  • Regulation of ions like sodium in the ECF is crucial for maintaining osmotic balance and nerve/muscle function

Regulation of Acid-Base Balance

  • Buffers: Substances that prevent large changes in pH
  • Respiration: Controls CO2 level affecting pH
  • Kidneys: Excrete excess H+ or reabsorbs bicarbonate to maintain pH.

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Related Documents

Chapter 18 - Urinary System and Fluid Balance PDF

Description

Test your knowledge of the urinary system with this quiz. Questions cover the functions of the urinary system, kidney anatomy, and the processes involved in renal function. Understand key concepts such as tubular secretion and the roles of various substances in the kidneys.

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