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Questions and Answers
What does the color of urine indicate regarding hydration levels?
What does the color of urine indicate regarding hydration levels?
Which abnormal urine characteristic could indicate a urinary tract infection?
Which abnormal urine characteristic could indicate a urinary tract infection?
What does a dipstick test primarily test for?
What does a dipstick test primarily test for?
How does a high protein diet affect urine pH?
How does a high protein diet affect urine pH?
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What does specific gravity measure in urinalysis?
What does specific gravity measure in urinalysis?
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Which of the following components is NOT typically tested on a standard urine test strip?
Which of the following components is NOT typically tested on a standard urine test strip?
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Why might abnormal urine color occur?
Why might abnormal urine color occur?
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What does a pH test in urinalysis primarily indicate?
What does a pH test in urinalysis primarily indicate?
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What is the primary function of the kidneys?
What is the primary function of the kidneys?
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Which structure is responsible for carrying urine from the kidney to the bladder?
Which structure is responsible for carrying urine from the kidney to the bladder?
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What percentage of nephrons in the kidneys are classified as cortical nephrons?
What percentage of nephrons in the kidneys are classified as cortical nephrons?
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Which process occurs in the nephrons to remove waste products from the blood?
Which process occurs in the nephrons to remove waste products from the blood?
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Which hormone is secreted by the kidneys to regulate blood pressure?
Which hormone is secreted by the kidneys to regulate blood pressure?
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What part of the kidney receives urine from the minor calyx before it goes to the ureter?
What part of the kidney receives urine from the minor calyx before it goes to the ureter?
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What is the main function of the nephrons in the kidneys?
What is the main function of the nephrons in the kidneys?
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Which of the following substances is excreted by the kidneys as a waste product?
Which of the following substances is excreted by the kidneys as a waste product?
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What does a high specific gravity indicate in urine analysis?
What does a high specific gravity indicate in urine analysis?
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What is the expected result for protein in the urine?
What is the expected result for protein in the urine?
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Which condition is indicated by the presence of blood in the urine?
Which condition is indicated by the presence of blood in the urine?
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What does a positive result for leukocyte esterase in urine suggest?
What does a positive result for leukocyte esterase in urine suggest?
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What is the significance of detecting bilirubin in urine?
What is the significance of detecting bilirubin in urine?
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What is considered a normal concentration of urobilinogen in urine?
What is considered a normal concentration of urobilinogen in urine?
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What condition is indicated by the presence of ketones in urine?
What condition is indicated by the presence of ketones in urine?
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What does a negative nitrite test indicate?
What does a negative nitrite test indicate?
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Study Notes
Urinary System Lab: Urinalysis
- Urinalysis is used to diagnose a wide range of disorders.
- It checks for Urinary Tract Infections (UTIs), Kidney Disease, and Diabetes.
- The test has a physical and chemical examination.
- Physical examination involves checking the appearance and clarity of the urine sample.
- Chemical examination includes urine concentration and content.
- Abnormal results can indicate a disease or illness.
Physical Examination
- Color: Urine color ranges from pale to deep yellow, depending on concentration and hydration. Urochrome, a pigment produced from hemoglobin breakdown, causes this color. Abnormal colors can be caused by certain foods, drugs, the presence of blood, or bile.
- Transparency/Clarity: Normal urine is clear. Cloudy or turbid urine may have WBCs, mucous threads, or bacterial infections.
Chemical Examination
- Reagent strip/dipstick: Uses chemical pads/reagents to detect various components in urine. The strips change color based on presence (and amount) of certain substances.
- Tests: The analysis tests for proteins, glucose, bilirubin, urobilinogen, ketones, blood, nitrite, leukocytes, pH, and specific gravity.
Kidney Anatomy and Function
- Anatomy: Kidneys are composed of the cortex (outer layer), medulla (middle layer), and renal pelvis (inner drainage area). The medulla contains renal pyramids.
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Major Structures:
- Kidneys
- Ureters
- Bladder
- Urethra
- Blood Flow: Blood from the heart travels down the aorta, entering the kidney via the renal arteries. Urine flows from the kidney through the ureter to the bladder, then out via the urethra.
- Nephrons: Nephrons are the functional units of the kidney, cleansing blood and balancing constituents of the circulation. They produce filtrate (first step of urine production).
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Types of Nephrons:
- Cortical nephrons (85% of nephrons). Located in the cortex.
- Juxtamedullary nephrons. Located closer to the medulla. Their loops of Henle extend deep into renal pyramids.
- Blood Flow in the Kidney: Blood enters through the afferent arteriole, filters through the glomerulus, and exits through the efferent arteriole.
- Filtration Pathway: Blood is filtered to form filtrate in the glomerulus. This filtrate travels through the proximal tubule, loop of Henle, and distal tubule, where water and solutes are reabsorbed or secreted. The final product is urine.
Kidney Functions
- Filtration: Kidneys filter 150-180 liters of blood plasma in a 24-hour period, producing 1.0-1.8 liters of urine.
- Reabsorption: Kidneys reabsorb water, organic nutrients, and ions.
- Regulation: Kidneys regulate waste products (e.g., urea, uric acid, ammonium, creatinine, toxins).
- Metabolism: Kidneys regulate water-salt balance, acid-base balance, blood pH, glucose levels, electrolytes (including potassium and other minerals), and blood pressure.
- Hormones: Kidneys secrete hormones, such as renin and erythropoietin.
Urinalysis Specific Tests and Expected Results
- pH: Measures urine acidity (normal range: 5.0-8.0). Kidney stones and bacterial UTI's may influence this.
- Specific Gravity: Measures urine concentration (normal range: 1.002-1.030). High specific gravity means the urine is concentrated (dehydration); low means it's diluted (overhydration).
- Protein: Detects protein in urine (normal: negative). Protein in the urine (proteinuria) can signal kidney disease.
- Blood: Detects blood in urine (normal: negative). Blood in the urine (hematuria) can be due to various conditions.
- Bilirubin: Indicates liver disease or bile duct obstruction (normal: negative).
- Urobilinogen: Breakdown product of bilirubin (normal: <0.2 µmol/l). High levels suggest liver problems.
- Leukocyte Esterase: Indicates white blood cells (normal: negative). A positive test usually means a UTI.
- Nitrites: Can indicate a bacterial infection (normal: negative).
- Ketones: Indicates the body is burning fat for energy (normal: negative). Increased ketones can indicate diabetes or starvation.
- Glucose: Indicates high blood glucose or renal issues (normal: negative). Glucose in the urine suggests diabetes or renal glycosuria.
Procedure for Reagent Strip Technique
- Mix urine sample with reagents.
- Immerse the reagent strip briefly into the mixture.
- Remove the reagent strip and blot the excess.
- Compare the color of the reagent strip with the color chart to determine the results of different substances present in the urine sample.
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Description
Explore the processes involved in urinalysis, a crucial diagnostic tool for identifying various disorders. Learn about both the physical and chemical examinations conducted during this test, including aspects like urine color and clarity. Understand how abnormal results can indicate potential health issues.
