Anatomy Test 4 Question set 3
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Questions and Answers

The micturition reflex is primarily triggered by which of the following?

  • High blood pressure
  • Low blood calcium levels
  • Stretch receptors in the bladder wall (correct)
  • Increased ADH levels
  • Low blood osmolality

    • The internal urethral sphincter is controlled by which nervous system?

  • Parasympathetic nervous system
  • Somatic nervous system
  • Sympathetic nervous system (correct)
  • Hormonal control
  • Voluntary control

    • Which structure stores urine until it is excreted from the body?

  • Nephron
  • Kidney
  • Ureter
  • Urethra
  • Bladder (correct)

    • Which muscle contracts to help empty the bladder during micturition?

    <p>Detrusor muscle</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which hormone increases blood calcium levels by enhancing calcium reabsorption in the kidneys?

    <p>PTH</p> Signup and view all the answers

    ADH secretion is most directly triggered by which condition?

    <p>High blood osmolality</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Aldosterone primarily affects which segment of the nephron?

    <p>Distal convoluted tubule</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which acid-base imbalance is typically caused by hyperventilation?

    <p>Respiratory alkalosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Severe diarrhea is likely to result in which type of acid-base imbalance?

    <p>Metabolic acidosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which structure of the urinary system is primarily responsible for filtering blood?

    <p>Nephron</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of the ureters?

    <p>Carry urine from the kidneys to the bladder</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following ions does the kidney help regulate in the blood?

    <p>Na+</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The renal capsule is primarily composed of which type of tissue?

    <p>Fibrous connective tissue</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the kidneys, the term 'renal cortex' refers to:

    <p>The outer layer where blood filtration begins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Blood enters the kidneys through which artery?

    <p>Renal artery</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which structure receives blood directly after it exits the glomerulus?

    <p>Efferent arteriole</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the blood flow sequence, blood moves from the arcuate arteries into which vessel?

    <p>Cortical radiate arteries</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which capillaries are associated with juxtamedullary nephrons to support urine concentration?

    <p>Vasa recta</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The initial filtration of blood in the kidneys occurs in which part of the nephron?

    <p>Glomerulus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which structure collects the initial filtrate in the nephron?

    <p>Bowman's capsule</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Tubular reabsorption occurs primarily in which part of the nephron?

    <p>Proximal convoluted tubule</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which nephron structure actively reabsorbs sodium and chloride but is impermeable to water?

    <p>Ascending loop of Henle</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The filtration membrane in the renal corpuscle excludes which component from filtrate?

    <p>Blood proteins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which hormone increases water permeability in the collecting ducts?

    <p>Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which hormone reduces blood volume by inhibiting sodium reabsorption?

    <p>ANP</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Aldosterone is primarily responsible for regulating the reabsorption of:

    <p>Sodium ions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which hormone stimulates the secretion of potassium in the distal convoluted tubule?

    <p>Aldosterone</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The glomerular filtration rate (GFR) in a healthy adult is approximately:

    <p>125 mL/min</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following increases GFR by dilating afferent arterioles?

    <p>ANP</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Tubular secretion occurs primarily in which areas of the nephron?

    <p>Proximal and distal convoluted tubules</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The countercurrent multiplier system primarily operates in which part of the nephron?

    <p>Loop of Henle</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Water reabsorption in the descending limb of the loop of Henle is due to:

    <p>Permeability to water only</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The osmotic gradient in the renal medulla is primarily maintained by:

    <p>Countercurrent exchange in the vasa recta</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Urea recycling plays a crucial role in:

    <p>Establishing the medullary osmotic gradient</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which ion is the primary extracellular cation?

    <p>Sodium</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role does aldosterone play in regulating potassium?

    <p>Promotes potassium excretion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A decrease in extracellular pH triggers the kidneys to:

    <p>Increase hydrogen ion secretion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which buffer system provides most intracellular buffering?

    <p>Protein buffer</p> Signup and view all the answers

    If blood pH drops, which buffer system compensates by releasing bicarbonate ions?

    <p>Carbonic acid-bicarbonate buffer system</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which hormone is released in response to low blood pressure and initiates the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system?

    <p>Renin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Angiotensin II has which of the following effects on the body?

    <p>Increases blood volume by stimulating thirst</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following factors would most likely increase renin secretion?

    <p>Low blood pressure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    ADH acts on which specific structures in the nephron to increase water reabsorption?

    <p>Distal convoluted tubule and collecting duct</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following conditions would likely lead to an increase in ANP secretion?

    <p>High blood volume</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The majority of water intake in the body is through:

    <p>Drinking fluids</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following regulates thirst in response to increased plasma osmolality?

    <p>Hypothalamus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Osmoreceptors detect changes in:

    <p>Blood osmolality</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In dehydration, ADH secretion leads to which physiological effect?

    <p>Increased water reabsorption in the kidneys</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Severe dehydration may lead to which of the following imbalances?

    <p>Hypernatremia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which electrolyte is most important for the generation of action potentials?

    <p>Sodium</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Hypokalemia is defined as:

    <p>Low levels of potassium in the blood</p> Signup and view all the answers

    An excess of potassium in the blood can lead to:

    <p>Hyperkalemia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which ion imbalance can lead to spontaneous muscle contractions due to increased excitability of muscle cells?

    <p>Hypocalcemia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following ions is essential for muscle contraction, nerve transmission, and bone health?

    <p>Calcium</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the normal pH range of human blood?

    <p>7.35 - 7.45</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Acidosis is characterized by a blood pH:

    <p>Below 7.35</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a physiological response to respiratory acidosis?

    <p>Increased respiratory rate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Metabolic alkalosis may result from:

    <p>Excessive vomiting</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The renal system compensates for low blood pH by:

    <p>Increasing H+ secretion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The main extracellular buffer system in the human body is the:

    <p>Bicarbonate buffer system</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Hemoglobin acts as a buffer by:

    <p>Binding hydrogen ions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which buffer system is most important in maintaining the pH of intracellular fluid?

    <p>Phosphate buffer system</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which molecule acts as a buffer by binding H+ ions in the bicarbonate system?

    <p>HCO3-</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The protein buffer system is important in regulating pH in which compartments?

    <p>Intracellular fluid and blood plasma</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The process by which substances move from the peritubular capillaries into the renal tubule is called:

    <p>Secretion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which pressure primarily drives filtration across the glomerular membrane?

    <p>Blood pressure in the glomerular capillaries</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following opposes filtration in the glomerulus?

    <p>Capsular hydrostatic pressure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Net filtration pressure is calculated by:

    <p>Subtracting blood colloid osmotic pressure and capsular hydrostatic pressure from glomerular capillary pressure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which structure allows for the concentration of urine by creating an osmotic gradient in the medulla?

    <p>Loop of Henle</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which hormone affects the late distal convoluted tubule to increase water reabsorption?

    <p>ADH</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The ascending loop of Henle is impermeable to:

    <p>Water</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Increased water reabsorption in the kidneys will have which effect on blood osmolality?

    <p>Decrease osmolality</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The medullary concentration gradient primarily depends on which two mechanisms?

    <p>Urea recycling and countercurrent multiplication</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Juxtamedullary nephrons are specialized for:

    <p>Concentrating urine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Cortical nephrons are primarily responsible for:

    <p>Filtration and nutrient reabsorption</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Urinary System Functions and Anatomy

    • Blood Filtration: The nephron is the primary structure responsible for filtering blood.
    • Ureter Function: Ureters carry urine from the kidneys to the bladder.
    • Kidney Ion Regulation: Kidneys help regulate sodium ions (Na+) in the blood.
    • Renal Capsule Composition: The renal capsule is primarily composed of fibrous connective tissue.
    • Renal Cortex Location: The renal cortex is the outer layer of the kidney where blood filtration begins.

    Blood Flow Pathway

    • Renal Artery Entry: Blood enters the kidneys through the renal artery.
    • Post-Glomerular Structure: The efferent arteriole receives blood directly after it exits the glomerulus.
    • Arcuate Artery Flow: Blood moves from arcuate arteries into cortical radiate arteries.
    • Juxtamedullary Nephron Capillaries: Vasa recta capillaries are associated with juxtamedullary nephrons for urine concentration.
    • Initial Filtration Location: The glomerulus is the part of the nephron where initial blood filtration occurs.
    • Filtration in Nephron: Filtration of blood into the nephron begins in the glomerulus.
    • Initial Filtrate Collection: Initial filtrate collection occurs in Bowman's capsule.

    Nephron Structure and Function

    • Filtration Location: Filtration of blood in the kidneys occurs in the glomerulus.
    • Reabsorption Location: Tubular reabsorption primarily occurs in the proximal convoluted tubule.
    • Sodium and Chloride Reabsorption: A certain segment of the nephron actively reabsorbs sodium and chloride, but is impermeable to water.
    • Filtration Membrane Exclusion: The filtration membrane excludes blood proteins from the filtrate.
    • Water Reabsorption: Water reabsorption in the descending loop of Henle is due to permeability to water only.
    • Collecting Duct Function: The collecting duct is involved in tubular reabsorption.

    Hormones and Urine Formation Regulation

    • Water Permeability: Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) increases water permeability in the collecting ducts.
    • Sodium Reabsorption Inhibition: Aldosterone primarily regulates the reabsorption of sodium in the nephron.
    • Hormone Action on Nephron: ADH affects the nephron structure(s) to increase water reabsorption.
    • Hormone Trigger: ADH secretion is mainly triggered by increased blood osmolality.
    • Electrolyte Regulation: Aldosterone is responsible for regulating potassium reabsorption (or excretion).

    Electrolyte and Acid-Base Balance

    • Renal Buffer System: The renal system compensates for low blood pH via the increasing or decreasing of bicarbonate reabsorption, or hydrogen secretion.
    • Extracellular Cation: The primary extracellular cation is sodium.
    • Acid-Base pH Range: The normal pH range of human blood is between 7.35 and 7.45.
    • Acid-Base Disturbance: Severe diarrhea can lead to metabolic acidosis.
    • Electrolyte for Action Potentials: Sodium is important for generating action potentials.
    • Hypokalemia Definition: Hypokalemia is defined as low levels of potassium in the blood.
    • Potassium Imbalance Consequence: Excess potassium in the blood can lead to hyperkalemia.

    Water Balance and Thirst

    • Water Intake Source: The majority of water intake is through drinking fluids.
    • Thirst Regulation: The hypothalamus regulates thirst in response to increased plasma osmolality.
    • ADH Secretion Trigger: ADH secretion is mainly triggered by increased blood osmolality.
    • Osmoreceptors Location: Osmoreceptors detect changes in blood osmolality.
    • Urine Concentration: Structure allowing concentrating of urine due to creation of osmotic gradient is the loop of Henle.

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    Anatomy Test 4 Question Set 3 PDF

    Description

    Test your knowledge of the urinary system's functions and anatomy in this quiz. You'll cover topics such as blood filtration, urine transportation, and kidney structure. Challenge yourself to understand the various components that make up this essential body system.

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