Anatomy Test 4 Question Set 3 PDF

**Functions and Anatomy of the Urinary System** 1. Which structure of the urinary system is primarily responsible for filtering blood? - A\) Ureter - B\) Urinary bladder - C\) Nephron - D\) Renal pelvis - E\) Urethra\ **Answer: C** 2. What is the ma...

**Functions and Anatomy of the Urinary System** 1. Which structure of the urinary system is primarily responsible for filtering blood? - A\) Ureter - B\) Urinary bladder - C\) Nephron - D\) Renal pelvis - E\) Urethra\ **Answer: C** 2. What is the main function of the ureters? - A\) Filter blood - B\) Store urine - C\) Carry urine from the kidneys to the bladder - D\) Reabsorb water - E\) Control electrolyte balance\ **Answer: C** 3. Which of the following ions does the kidney help regulate in the blood? - A\) Fe2+ - B\) Na+ - C\) Mn2+ - D\) Hg2+ - E\) Zn2+\ **Answer: B** 4. The renal capsule is primarily composed of which type of tissue? - A\) Simple squamous epithelium - B\) Fibrous connective tissue - C\) Loose connective tissue - D\) Adipose tissue - E\) Muscular tissue\ **Answer: B** 5. In the kidneys, the term \"renal cortex\" refers to: - A\) The innermost part - B\) The outer layer where blood filtration begins - C\) The medullary region - D\) The cavity containing renal fat - E\) The area directly surrounding the pelvis\ **Answer: B** **Structure and Pathway of Blood Flow** 6. Blood enters the kidneys through which artery? - A\) Renal artery - B\) Ureteral artery - C\) Aortic artery - D\) Inferior vena cava - E\) Renal vein\ **Answer: A** 7. Which structure receives blood directly after it exits the glomerulus? - A\) Renal artery - B\) Afferent arteriole - C\) Efferent arteriole - D\) Peritubular capillaries - E\) Renal vein\ **Answer: C** 8. In the blood flow sequence, blood moves from the arcuate arteries into which vessel? - A\) Cortical radiate arteries - B\) Segmental arteries - C\) Renal vein - D\) Glomerulus - E\) Vasa recta\ **Answer: A** 9. Which capillaries are associated with juxtamedullary nephrons to support urine concentration? - A\) Peritubular capillaries - B\) Glomerular capillaries - C\) Arcuate capillaries - D\) Vasa recta - E\) Interlobular capillaries\ **Answer: D** **Nephron Structure and Function** 10. The initial filtration of blood in the kidneys occurs in which part of the nephron? - A\) Proximal convoluted tubule - B\) Glomerulus - C\) Loop of Henle - D\) Collecting duct - E\) Distal convoluted tubule\ **Answer: B** 11. Which structure collects the initial filtrate in the nephron? - A\) Proximal convoluted tubule - B\) Distal convoluted tubule - C\) Loop of Henle - D\) Bowman\'s capsule - E\) Glomerulus\ **Answer: D** 12. Tubular reabsorption occurs primarily in which part of the nephron? - A\) Glomerulus - B\) Proximal convoluted tubule - C\) Distal convoluted tubule - D\) Collecting duct - E\) Loop of Henle\ **Answer: B** 13. Which nephron structure actively reabsorbs sodium and chloride but is impermeable to water? - A\) Proximal convoluted tubule - B\) Distal convoluted tubule - C\) Descending loop of Henle - D\) Ascending loop of Henle - E\) Bowman\'s capsule\ **Answer: D** 14. The filtration membrane in the renal corpuscle excludes which component from filtrate? - A\) Glucose - B\) Sodium ions - C\) Blood proteins - D\) Amino acids - E\) Water\ **Answer: C** **Hormones and Regulation of Urine Formation** 15. Which hormone increases water permeability in the collecting ducts? - A\) Aldosterone - B\) Renin - C\) Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) - D\) Parathyroid hormone (PTH) - E\) Atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP)\ **Answer: C** 16. Which hormone reduces blood volume by inhibiting sodium reabsorption? - A\) ADH - B\) Aldosterone - C\) Renin - D\) ANP - E\) PTH\ **Answer: D** 17. Aldosterone is primarily responsible for regulating the reabsorption of: - A\) Calcium ions - B\) Potassium ions - C\) Chloride ions - D\) Sodium ions - E\) Phosphate ions\ **Answer: D** 18. Which hormone stimulates the secretion of potassium in the distal convoluted tubule? - A\) ADH - B\) Renin - C\) ANP - D\) Aldosterone - E\) Calcitonin\ **Answer: D** **Filtration, Reabsorption, and Secretion** 19. The glomerular filtration rate (GFR) in a healthy adult is approximately: - A\) 10 L/day - B\) 50 L/day - C\) 125 mL/min - D\) 500 mL/min - E\) 1000 mL/min\ **Answer: C** 20. Which of the following increases GFR by dilating afferent arterioles? - A\) Renin - B\) ADH - C\) ANP - D\) Sympathetic stimulation - E\) Tubuloglomerular feedback\ **Answer: C** 21. Tubular secretion occurs primarily in which areas of the nephron? - A\) Proximal and distal convoluted tubules - B\) Loop of Henle - C\) Bowman's capsule - D\) Collecting duct only - E\) Vasa recta\ **Answer: A** **Urine Concentration and Medullary Gradient** 22. The countercurrent multiplier system primarily operates in which part of the nephron? - A\) Glomerulus - B\) Proximal convoluted tubule - C\) Loop of Henle - D\) Distal convoluted tubule - E\) Collecting duct\ **Answer: C** 23. Water reabsorption in the descending limb of the loop of Henle is due to: - A\) Active transport of ions - B\) Permeability to water only - C\) ATP-dependent pumps - D\) Aquaporins - E\) ADH regulation\ **Answer: B** 24. The osmotic gradient in the renal medulla is primarily maintained by: - A\) Countercurrent exchange in the vasa recta - B\) ADH alone - C\) Cortical nephrons - D\) Increased urea reabsorption in the DCT - E\) ANP secretion\ **Answer: A** 25. Urea recycling plays a crucial role in: - A\) Water reabsorption in the cortex - B\) Establishing the medullary osmotic gradient - C\) Active transport of sodium - D\) Protein synthesis - E\) Glucose transport\ **Answer: B** **Electrolyte and Acid-Base Balance** 26. Which ion is the primary extracellular cation? - A\) Potassium - B\) Calcium - C\) Sodium - D\) Chloride - E\) Phosphate\ **Answer: C** 27. What role does aldosterone play in regulating potassium? - A\) Increases potassium absorption - B\) Promotes potassium excretion - C\) Prevents potassium loss - D\) Enhances potassium uptake in cells - E\) Converts potassium to calcium\ **Answer: B** 28. A decrease in extracellular pH triggers the kidneys to: - A\) Increase hydrogen ion reabsorption - B\) Increase hydrogen ion secretion - C\) Decrease bicarbonate production - D\) Retain sodium - E\) Lower calcium levels\ **Answer: B** **Additional Topics on Electrolytes, Buffer Systems, and the Acid-Base Balance** 29. Which buffer system provides most intracellular buffering? - A\) Phosphate buffer - B\) Bicarbonate buffer - C\) Protein buffer - D\) Calcium buffer - E\) Chloride buffer\ **Answer: C** 30. If blood pH drops, which buffer system compensates by releasing bicarbonate ions? - A\) Protein buffer system - B\) Phosphate buffer system - C\) Carbonic acid-bicarbonate buffer system - D\) Calcium buffer system - E\) Potassium buffer system\ **Answer: C** **Mechanisms of Blood Pressure and Blood Volume Regulation** 31. Which hormone is released in response to low blood pressure and initiates the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system? - A\) ADH - B\) Renin - C\) Aldosterone - D\) ANP - E\) PTH\ **Answer: B** 32. Angiotensin II has which of the following effects on the body? - A\) Decreases blood pressure by dilating blood vessels - B\) Increases blood volume by stimulating thirst - C\) Reduces sodium reabsorption in the kidneys - D\) Inhibits ADH release - E\) Promotes ANP secretion\ **Answer: B** 33. Which of the following factors would most likely increase renin secretion? - A\) High blood sodium levels - B\) Increased blood volume - C\) Low blood pressure - D\) Elevated blood osmolality - E\) High potassium levels\ **Answer: C** 34. ADH acts on which specific structures in the nephron to increase water reabsorption? - A\) Glomerulus and Bowman\'s capsule - B\) Proximal convoluted tubule - C\) Distal convoluted tubule and collecting duct - D\) Loop of Henle - E\) Renal pelvis\ **Answer: C** 35. Which of the following conditions would likely lead to an increase in ANP secretion? - A\) Low blood pressure - B\) High blood volume - C\) Dehydration - D\) Low blood osmolality - E\) Hypokalemia\ **Answer: B** **Water Balance, Dehydration, and Thirst Mechanisms** 36. The majority of water intake in the body is through: - A\) Drinking fluids - B\) Cellular metabolism - C\) Food intake - D\) Urinary reabsorption - E\) Evaporation\ **Answer: A** 37. Which of the following regulates thirst in response to increased plasma osmolality? - A\) Adrenal cortex - B\) Hypothalamus - C\) Posterior pituitary - D\) Kidneys - E\) Liver\ **Answer: B** 38. Osmoreceptors detect changes in: - A\) Blood glucose levels - B\) Blood osmolality - C\) Blood pressure - D\) Urine concentration - E\) Blood calcium levels\ **Answer: B** 39. In dehydration, ADH secretion leads to which physiological effect? - A\) Decreased blood volume - B\) Increased water reabsorption in the kidneys - C\) Increased urine output - D\) Increased sodium excretion - E\) Increased urine concentration\ **Answer: B** 40. Severe dehydration may lead to which of the following imbalances? - A\) Hyperkalemia - B\) Hypokalemia - C\) Hypernatremia - D\) Hypocalcemia - E\) Hypomagnesemia\ **Answer: C** **Electrolyte Imbalances and Their Effects** 41. Which electrolyte is most important for the generation of action potentials? - A\) Calcium - B\) Sodium - C\) Chloride - D\) Phosphate - E\) Magnesium\ **Answer: B** 42. Hypokalemia is defined as: - A\) Low levels of sodium in the blood - B\) Low levels of potassium in the blood - C\) Low levels of calcium in the blood - D\) High levels of chloride in the blood - E\) Low blood pH\ **Answer: B** 43. An excess of potassium in the blood can lead to: - A\) Hypercalcemia - B\) Hyponatremia - C\) Hyperkalemia - D\) Hypernatremia - E\) Hypokalemia\ **Answer: C** 44. Which ion imbalance can lead to spontaneous muscle contractions due to increased excitability of muscle cells? - A\) Hypernatremia - B\) Hypocalcemia - C\) Hyperkalemia - D\) Hypochloremia - E\) Hypomagnesemia\ **Answer: B** 45. Which of the following ions is essential for muscle contraction, nerve transmission, and bone health? - A\) Sodium - B\) Calcium - C\) Magnesium - D\) Chloride - E\) Potassium\ **Answer: B** **Acid-Base Balance and Regulation** 46. What is the normal pH range of human blood? - A\) 6.8 - 7.2 - B\) 7.35 - 7.45 - C\) 7.5 - 8.0 - D\) 6.5 - 7.0 - E\) 7.0 - 7.2\ **Answer: B** 47. Acidosis is characterized by a blood pH: - A\) Above 7.45 - B\) Between 7.35 and 7.45 - C\) Below 7.35 - D\) Above 8.0 - E\) Between 6.8 and 7.0\ **Answer: C** 48. Which of the following is a physiological response to respiratory acidosis? - A\) Increased respiratory rate - B\) Decreased respiratory rate - C\) Increased bicarbonate excretion - D\) Decreased ADH secretion - E\) Increased potassium reabsorption\ **Answer: A** 49. Metabolic alkalosis may result from: - A\) Hypoventilation - B\) Excessive vomiting - C\) Increased bicarbonate excretion - D\) Diarrhea - E\) High potassium intake\ **Answer: B** 50. The renal system compensates for low blood pH by: - A\) Increasing H+ secretion - B\) Increasing ADH secretion - C\) Decreasing HCO3- reabsorption - D\) Decreasing H+ excretion - E\) Increasing potassium secretion\ **Answer: A** **Buffer Systems** 51. The main extracellular buffer system in the human body is the: - A\) Phosphate buffer system - B\) Protein buffer system - C\) Bicarbonate buffer system - D\) Chloride buffer system - E\) Calcium buffer system\ **Answer: C** 52. Hemoglobin acts as a buffer by: - A\) Binding with calcium ions - B\) Absorbing potassium ions - C\) Binding hydrogen ions - D\) Releasing oxygen - E\) Exchanging with bicarbonate\ **Answer: C** 53. Which buffer system is most important in maintaining the pH of intracellular fluid? - A\) Bicarbonate buffer system - B\) Phosphate buffer system - C\) Chloride buffer system - D\) Sodium buffer system - E\) Hemoglobin buffer system\ **Answer: B** 54. Which molecule acts as a buffer by binding H+ ions in the bicarbonate system? - A\) CO2 - B\) H2O - C\) HCO3- - D\) Na+ - E\) Cl-\ **Answer: C** 55. The protein buffer system is important in regulating pH in which compartments? - A\) Plasma and extracellular fluid - B\) Intracellular fluid and blood plasma - C\) Renal tubules only - D\) Extracellular fluid only - E\) Bone matrix\ **Answer: B** **Renal Processes and Filtration Pressures** 56. The process by which substances move from the peritubular capillaries into the renal tubule is called: - A\) Filtration - B\) Reabsorption - C\) Secretion - D\) Excretion - E\) Osmosis\ **Answer: C** 57. Which pressure primarily drives filtration across the glomerular membrane? - A\) Osmotic pressure in Bowman\'s capsule - B\) Blood pressure in the glomerular capillaries - C\) Blood colloid osmotic pressure - D\) Hydrostatic pressure in the collecting duct - E\) Osmotic pressure in the renal pelvis\ **Answer: B** 58. Which of the following opposes filtration in the glomerulus? - A\) Glomerular capillary pressure - B\) Capsular hydrostatic pressure - C\) Afferent arteriole dilation - D\) High blood sodium levels - E\) Low blood pH\ **Answer: B** 59. Net filtration pressure is calculated by: - A\) Adding capsular hydrostatic pressure to osmotic pressure - B\) Subtracting blood colloid osmotic pressure and capsular hydrostatic pressure from glomerular capillary pressure - C\) Multiplying blood colloid osmotic pressure by glomerular pressure - D\) Dividing blood pressure by capsular hydrostatic pressure - E\) Adding blood colloid osmotic pressure and capsular hydrostatic pressure\ **Answer: B** **Urine Concentration and Water Reabsorption** 60. Which structure allows for the concentration of urine by creating an osmotic gradient in the medulla? - A\) Proximal convoluted tubule - B\) Loop of Henle - C\) Glomerulus - D\) Renal pelvis - E\) Distal convoluted tubule\ **Answer: B** 61. Which hormone affects the late distal convoluted tubule to increase water reabsorption? - A\) ANP - B\) Aldosterone - C\) PTH - D\) Renin - E\) ADH\ **Answer: E** 62. The ascending loop of Henle is impermeable to: - A\) Sodium - B\) Chloride - C\) Potassium - D\) Water - E\) Urea\ **Answer: D** 63. Increased water reabsorption in the kidneys will have which effect on blood osmolality? - A\) Increase osmolality - B\) Decrease osmolality - C\) No change in osmolality - D\) Increase only plasma sodium levels - E\) Increase blood pH\ **Answer: B** 64. The medullary concentration gradient primarily depends on which two mechanisms? - A\) Urea recycling and countercurrent multiplication - B\) Sodium reabsorption and potassium secretion - C\) ADH release and aldosterone release - D\) Filtration rate and glomerular pressure - E\) Cortical flow and filtration\ **Answer: A** **Continued on Nephron Types and Functions** 65. Juxtamedullary nephrons are specialized for: - A\) Producing dilute urine - B\) Concentrating urine - C\) Reabsorbing glucose - D\) Increasing blood calcium - E\) Stimulating aldosterone release\ **Answer: B** 66. Cortical nephrons are primarily responsible for: - A\) Diluting urine - B\) Filtration and nutrient reabsorption - C\) Excreting potassium - D\) Concentrating urine - E\) Increasing blood sodium levels\ **Answer: B** **Micturition Reflex and Bladder Control** 67. The micturition reflex is primarily triggered by: - A\) High blood pressure - B\) Stretch receptors in the bladder wall - C\) Low blood osmolality - D\) Increased ADH levels - E\) Low blood calcium levels\ **Answer: B** 68. The internal urethral sphincter is controlled by: - A\) Somatic nervous system - B\) Parasympathetic nervous system - C\) Sympathetic nervous system - D\) Voluntary control - E\) Hormonal control\ **Answer: C** 69. Which structure stores urine until it is excreted from the body? - A\) Ureter - B\) Kidney - C\) Bladder - D\) Urethra - E\) Nephron\ **Answer: C** 70. Which muscle contracts to help empty the bladder during micturition? - A\) Detrusor muscle - B\) Internal urethral sphincter - C\) External urethral sphincter - D\) Pelvic diaphragm - E\) Abdominal muscles\ **Answer: A** **Effects of Hormones on Kidney Function** 71. Which hormone increases blood calcium levels by enhancing calcium reabsorption in the kidneys? - A\) ADH - B\) Aldosterone - C\) ANP - D\) PTH - E\) Calcitonin\ **Answer: D** 72. ADH secretion is most directly triggered by: - A\) High blood volume - B\) Low blood osmolality - C\) High blood osmolality - D\) Low blood potassium - E\) High blood calcium\ **Answer: C** 73. Aldosterone primarily affects which segment of the nephron? - A\) Proximal convoluted tubule - B\) Distal convoluted tubule - C\) Ascending loop of Henle - D\) Bowman\'s capsule - E\) Renal pelvis\ **Answer: B** **Acid-Base Disorders** 74. Which acid-base imbalance is typically caused by hyperventilation? - A\) Respiratory acidosis - B\) Respiratory alkalosis - C\) Metabolic acidosis - D\) Metabolic alkalosis - E\) Hypernatremia\ **Answer: B** 75. Severe diarrhea is likely to result in which type of acid-base imbalance? - A\) Respiratory acidosis - B\) Respiratory alkalosis - C\) Metabolic acidosis - D\) Metabolic alkalosis - E\) Hyperkalemia\ **Answer: C**