Urinary System Chapter 23 Flashcards

Questions and Answers

Filtration is a process that depends on a ___ gradient.

passive; pressure

Identify each region of the nephron.

During the process of sodium reabsorption at the proximal convoluted tubule, sodium enters the tubule cells at the and exits the tubule cells at the .

luminal membrane facilitated diffusion; basolateral membrane through the sodium potassium pump

Glucose that is reabsorbed into tubular cells travels its concentration gradient through sodium-glucose symport channels at the luminal membrane. Glucose in tubular cells exits the basolateral membrane into interstitial fluid through the process of ____________.

against; facilitated diffusion Signup and view all the answers

Which nephron loop is impermeable to water and permeable to salts?

Ascending loop Signup and view all the answers

The interstitial fluid within the medulla has a _________ osmolarity than the interstitial fluid within the cortex.

higher Signup and view all the answers

The vasa recta is a specialized capillary that branches from the _ arteriole. The blood flow in the vasa runs to the flow of tubular filtrate within the nephron loop.

efferent; parallel, but in the opposite direction Signup and view all the answers

Indicate the pathway of urine formation to urine output by placing each of the structures in the correct sequential order.

Nephron, Collecting tubule, Collecting duct, Papillary duct, Minor calyx, Major calyx, Renal pelvis, Ureters, Bladder, Urethra Signup and view all the answers

Indicate whether an increase in each factor would cause an increase or decrease in urine volume.

Increase: Blood pressure, Atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP); Decrease: Antidiuretic hormone (ADH), Aldosterone Signup and view all the answers

Place the vessels in the correct order to represent the arterial circulation leading up to the glomerulus.

Aorta, Renal artery, Segmental artery, Interlobar artery, Arcuate artery, Cortical radiate artery, Afferent arteriole, Glomerulus Signup and view all the answers

There are four major stages in the _________ of urine.

formation Signup and view all the answers

The first stage (forming urine) involves creating a filtrate in the _________.

Glomerulus Signup and view all the answers

Second, the filtrate flows through the tubules and useful substances are ____________.

reabsorbed Signup and view all the answers

Waste products will then be _______ by the tubules.

secreted Signup and view all the answers

The last stage is water _________, occurring in the renal tubule.

conservation Signup and view all the answers

Describe the effects of angiotensin II on tubular reabsorption.

Constricts afferent and especially efferent arterioles, maintains or increases glomerular blood pressure and glomerular filtration, reduces blood pressure in peritubular capillary, reduces resistance to tubular reabsorption, tubular reabsorption increases, urine volume is less but concentration is high. Signup and view all the answers

Tubular ______ and secretion occurs with varying solutes in the renal tubules.

reabsorption Signup and view all the answers

In the ____, there is secretion of urea, H+, creatine, and uric acid.

PCT Signup and view all the answers

Conversely, there is a noticeable reabsorption of ____________ , amino acids, urea, and vitamins in the same region of the tubule.

glucose Signup and view all the answers

Once in the nephron loop, the _______ limb reabsorbs water.

descending Signup and view all the answers

Heading up the ______ limb, urea is secreted.

ascending Signup and view all the answers

In the DCT, ___ can be reabsorbed and secreted heading into the collecting duct.

K+ Signup and view all the answers

List characteristics of the ascending limb.

Filtrate osmolarity decreases as it passes through, active pumping of sodium, impermeable to water. Signup and view all the answers

List characteristics of the descending limb.

Filtrate osmolarity increases as it passes through, permeable to water, impermeable to solutes. Signup and view all the answers

What are the circumstances that would promote an increase in blood pressure?

Increased release of renin, vasoconstriction, increased production of angiotensin II, increased activity of ACE, increasing levels of aldosterone, increased activation of the thirst mechanism. Signup and view all the answers

What are the circumstances which would promote a decrease in blood pressure?

Vasodilation, declining levels of ADH, decreased sodium reabsorption. Signup and view all the answers

List the components of the renal tubule.

Distal convoluted tubule, Collecting duct, Proximal convoluted tubule, Nephron loop Signup and view all the answers

List the components of the renal vasculature.

Glomerulus, Arcuate arteries and veins, Cortical radiate arteries and veins, Segmental arteries, Renal arteries and veins, Vasa recta, Peritubular capillaries Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements is/are true regarding renal innervation?

Both A and B Signup and view all the answers

Describe the composition and properties of urine.

Urine is more dense than distilled water, the most abundant solute in urine is a nitrogenous waste, urine is approximately 95% water, hematuria (blood in urine) may indicate trauma to the kidney, it is possible for urine to be hypertonic compared to blood plasma, and the odor of urine can be influenced by different foods. Signup and view all the answers

Production of urine by the ______ begins to fill the urinary bladder.

kidney Signup and view all the answers

The fullness of the urinary bladder is detected by __________.

stretch receptors Signup and view all the answers

Sensory nerve impulses travel along the __ to the _ spinal cord.

pelvic nerve; sacral Signup and view all the answers

Efferent impulses excite the and relax the __ urethral.

detrusor; internal urethral Signup and view all the answers

The kidneys secrete an enzyme called ______ that aids in the regulation of blood pressure.

renin Signup and view all the answers

A patient with advanced kidney disease is likely to be suffering from ___________, which is an unusually high blood urea nitrogen (BUN) level.

azotemia Signup and view all the answers

A disease that results in the breakdown of muscle tissue would result in an increase in the presence of in the blood, which the liver would convert to and would be excreted in the urine.

ammonia; urea Signup and view all the answers

After a few days of visiting a ski resort at an elevation of 7000 feet, the kidneys would secrete _________ to increase red blood cell production. This would give the blood a higher oxygen-carrying capacity.

erythropoietin Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Nephron and Filtration

Filtration is a passive process dependent on a pressure gradient.
Key nephron regions include the glomerulus, proximal convoluted tubule, nephron loop, distal convoluted tubule, and collecting duct.
Sodium reabsorption primarily occurs at the proximal convoluted tubule where sodium enters via facilitated diffusion and exits through the sodium-potassium pump.

Glucose and Tubular Processes

Glucose reabsorption occurs against its concentration gradient through sodium-glucose symport channels and exits via facilitated diffusion.
Tubular filtration involves waste secretion and reabsorption of useful substances.

Nephron Loop Characteristics

The ascending loop is impermeable to water but permeable to salts; osmolarity decreases as filtrate passes through this limb.
The descending limb is permeable to water and impermeable to solutes, leading to an increase in osmolarity.

Urine Formation Pathway

Urine travels from the nephron to the urethra through various structures: collecting tubule, collecting duct, papillary duct, and calyxes.

Hormonal and Blood Pressure Effects

Increased blood pressure and atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) leads to increased urine volume.
Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) and aldosterone decrease urine volume.
Angiotensin II promotes tubular reabsorption, maintains glomerular filtration, and leads to concentrated urine.

Kidney Structure and Function

The renal tubule has four components: proximal convoluted tubule, distal convoluted tubule, nephron loop, and collecting duct.
The renal vasculature includes glomerulus, renal arteries and veins, and peritubular capillaries.

Renal Innervation and Urine Composition

The renal plexus gives nerve fibers to renal parenchyma; sympathetic stimulation increases renin secretion during low blood pressure.
Urine density is greater than distilled water, primarily composed of nitrogenous wastes, and approximately 95% water; hematuria indicates potential kidney trauma.

Regulation and Response Mechanisms

Urine production begins in the kidneys as the bladder fills, detected by stretch receptors signaling the nervous system.
Efferent impulses from the sacral spinal cord stimulate bladder contraction and urethral relaxation.

Conditions Affecting Renal Function

Renin, secreted by kidneys, regulates blood pressure.
Advanced kidney disease leads to elevated blood urea nitrogen (BUN) levels, termed azotemia.
Muscle breakdown increases ammonia levels, converted by the liver to urea for excretion.

Erythropoietin and Response to High Altitude

At high altitudes, kidneys secrete erythropoietin to stimulate red blood cell production, enhancing oxygen transport capacity.

Labeling and Anatomical Understanding

Understand the anatomical structure of the kidney and urinary system components for proper labeling and identification for examination preparation.

Studying That Suits You

Use AI to generate personalized quizzes and flashcards to suit your learning preferences.

Description

Test your knowledge on the urinary system with these flashcards from Chapter 23. This quiz covers key concepts such as filtration processes and nephron regions, along with sodium reabsorption mechanisms. Perfect for students preparing for exams or those looking to enhance their understanding of renal physiology.