Urinary System Overview and Nephron Structure
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Questions and Answers

What is the functional filtration unit of the kidneys?

nephron

What is the correct branching sequence of arteries in the kidney?

Renal artery, segmental arteries, interlobar arteries

The junction of the renal medulla and renal cortex is called the?

corticomedullary junction

What do the major calices merge to form?

<p>renal pelvis</p> Signup and view all the answers

Where do blood vessels, nerves, and the renal pelvis enter/exit the kidney?

<p>hilum</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the two components of a nephron?

<p>renal corpuscle and renal tubule</p> Signup and view all the answers

Where does filtration occur in the nephron?

<p>renal corpuscle</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the correct sequence for parts of the renal tubule?

<p>proximal convoluted tubule, nephron loop, distal convoluted tubule</p> Signup and view all the answers

How can cortical nephrons be distinguished from juxtamedullary nephrons?

<p>their location within the renal cortex</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the juxtaglomerular apparatus monitor?

<p>blood sodium concentration and adjusts glomerular filtration volume</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the main functions of the urinary system?

<p>Removal of waste and regulation of water and electrolyte balance</p> Signup and view all the answers

Where are blood vessels and the renal calices located?

<p>renal sinus</p> Signup and view all the answers

The renal cortex is more superficial than the renal medulla.

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

Urine is propelled along the ureters by peristaltic waves of muscular contractions.

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the collective name for the layers of muscle in the wall of the urinary bladder?

<p>detrusor muscle</p> Signup and view all the answers

Where is urine formed?

<p>nephron</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is one of the processes in urine formation?

<p>tubular secretion</p> Signup and view all the answers

What percentage of glomerular filtrate becomes urine?

<p>1%</p> Signup and view all the answers

Where is most of the water in tubular fluid resorbed?

<p>proximal convoluted tubule</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does tubular secretion involve?

<p>movement of substances from capillary blood to tubular fluid</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the components of extracellular fluid?

<p>CSF, RBCs, leukocytes, vitreous humor, plasma, renal filtrate, synovial fluid, interstitial fluid, semen, gamma globulins</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the components of intracellular fluid?

<p>nucleus, mitochondrion, DNA, ER, phagolysosome</p> Signup and view all the answers

What increases water levels?

<p>eating and drinking</p> Signup and view all the answers

What decreases water levels?

<p>urinating, defecating, sweating, breathing, cutaneous transpiration</p> Signup and view all the answers

What causes water gain?

<p>ADH hypersecretion, dry mouth, renin release, increased osmolarity of blood, hyperkalemia, ingestion of water, increased permeability of the DCT and collecting ducts of the kidneys</p> Signup and view all the answers

What causes water loss?

<p>exercise in a warm climate, increased BP, hypoatremia, hemorrhage, aldosterone hyposecretion, activation of stretch receptors in stomach, decreased renal tubule reabsorption of water</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is hypohydration regulation?

<p>sense of thirst, reduced plasma volume and BP, renin release, angiotensinogen conversion to angiotensin I, angiotensin I conversion to angiotensin II, angiotensin II stimulation of hypothalamus, sense of thirst, ingestion of water, moistens mouth and distends stomach, plasma volume elevates</p> Signup and view all the answers

The external urethral sphincter is under ___________ control.

<p>somatic</p> Signup and view all the answers

Sympathetic impulses cause the smooth muscle of the bladder wall to contract.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

What causes relaxation of the external urethral sphincter?

<p>signals from the brain</p> Signup and view all the answers

The micturition reflex involves impulses from the bladder traveling to which region of the spinal cord?

<p>sacral</p> Signup and view all the answers

What causes an increase in the frequency of action potentials from the bladder to the spinal cord?

<p>Distension of the bladder from an increase in urine</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is renal secretion?

<p>substances pass from the peritubular capillaries to the nephron tubules</p> Signup and view all the answers

Describe renal filtration.

<p>Fluid leaves the glomerulus and enters the Bowman's (glomerular) capsule</p> Signup and view all the answers

When does reabsorption in the kidney occur?

<p>substances pass from renal tubules to the peritubular capillaries</p> Signup and view all the answers

All substances filtered from the blood by the nephron are excreted in the urine.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

The kidneys are located retroperitoneally. This means they are _____ the peritoneum.

<p>behind</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following components with their respective flow of urine:

<p>Collecting duct = Final urine collection Renal papilla = Apex of the renal pyramid Minor calyx = First collection point Major calyx = Second collection point Renal pelvis = Funnel-shaped structure Ureter = Transport to bladder Urinary bladder = Storage of urine Urethra = Exit from the body</p> Signup and view all the answers

The urinary system is involved in the regulation of:

<p>composition of bodily fluids and pH of blood</p> Signup and view all the answers

What increases filtration?

<p>an increase in BP, constriction of the efferent arteriole</p> Signup and view all the answers

What decreases filtration?

<p>increase of capsular pressure, increase in plasma protein concentration, obstruction of proximal tubule</p> Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Urinary System Overview

  • Nephron is the functional filtration unit of the kidneys.
  • The primary functions include waste removal and regulation of water and electrolyte balance.

Kidney Structure and Blood Flow

  • The correct branching sequence of renal arteries: renal artery → segmental arteries → interlobar arteries.
  • Corticomedullary junction is the area where renal medulla meets renal cortex.
  • Major calices merge to form the renal pelvis; hilum is the entry/exit point for blood vessels, nerves, and the renal pelvis.
  • Renal sinus houses blood vessels and renal calices.

Nephron Components

  • Nephrons consist of two main parts: renal corpuscle and renal tubule.
  • Filtration of blood occurs in the renal corpuscle.
  • Renal tubule comprises proximal convoluted tubule, nephron loop, and distal convoluted tubule.
  • Cortical nephrons are located in the renal cortex, while juxtamedullary nephrons are found closer to the medulla.

Urine Formation Processes

  • Urine formation processes include filtration, reabsorption, and tubular secretion.
  • Tubular secretion moves substances from capillary blood to tubular fluid.
  • Approximately 1% of glomerular filtrate becomes urine; most water is reabsorbed in the proximal convoluted tubule.
  • Substances filtered in the nephron are not all excreted in urine.

Fluid Regulation and Control

  • Hypohydration regulation involves a sense of thirst and a series of hormonal responses starting with renin release.
  • Water gain is caused by factors like ADH hypersecretion and ingestion of water, while water loss occurs via urination, sweating, and other processes.
  • The external urethral sphincter is under somatic control, while the bladder wall's contraction is not due to sympathetic impulses.

Micturition Reflex

  • Micturition reflex travels through the sacral region of the spinal cord; distension of the bladder increases action potentials sent to the spinal cord.
  • Relaxation of the external urethral sphincter occurs via signals from the brain.

Kidney Location and Functionality

  • Kidneys are positioned retroperitoneally, meaning they sit behind the peritoneum.
  • Flow of urine progresses through the collecting duct, renal papilla, minor calyx, major calyx, renal pelvis, ureter, urinary bladder, and urethra.
  • Kidney filtration increases with elevated blood pressure and can decrease due to increased capsular pressure and high plasma protein concentration.

Summary on Fluid Compartments

  • Extracellular fluid components include CSF, plasma, and interstitial fluid, while intracellular fluid comprises organelles like nucleus and mitochondrion.

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Description

Explore the intricate functions and structures of the urinary system, focusing on nephron components and urine formation processes. This quiz will cover the renal blood flow, the anatomy of the kidneys, and the major functions of the nephron. Test your knowledge on how the urinary system maintains homeostasis in the body.

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