Urinary System and Nephron Quiz

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Questions and Answers

Which electrolyte is primarily regulated by aldosterone and is crucial for pH and fluid balance in the body?

Calcium

Chloride

Magnesium

Sodium (correct)

Which symptom indicates the presence of glucose in urine?

Glycosuria (correct)

Hematuria

Albuminuria

Ketonuria

What is the primary hormone responsible for regulating potassium concentrations in the body?

Aldosterone (correct)

Insulin

Cortisol

Thyroxine

What triggers the relaxation of the external urethral sphincter during the micturition process?

Stretch receptors Signup and view all the answers

During which condition does water move to areas of higher solute concentration?

Hypertonic state Signup and view all the answers

What term describes the diffusion of waste products across a dialysis membrane?

Dialysis Signup and view all the answers

What primarily regulates calcium concentrations in the body?

Parathyroid Hormone (PTH) Signup and view all the answers

What physiological process begins when urine volume exceeds 500 mL and pressure builds up?

Micturition Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the sodium-potassium pump in renal physiology?

To actively transport sodium out of the cell while bringing potassium in Signup and view all the answers

What happens when the number of glucose molecules exceeds the available carrier proteins?

Glucose starts to appear in the urine Signup and view all the answers

Which ion is primarily secreted in response to increased aldosterone levels?

Potassium Signup and view all the answers

What role does antidiuretic hormone (ADH) play in urine concentration?

It increases water reabsorption in the kidney Signup and view all the answers

How does caffeine affect urine output?

It promotes diuresis by inhibiting sodium reabsorption Signup and view all the answers

What mechanism is triggered by low blood pressure or low glomerular filtration rate?

Activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone mechanism Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary effect of atrial natriuretic hormone (ANH) on urine production?

It inhibits water reabsorption and increases urine output Signup and view all the answers

What does osmotic diuresis refer to?

Increased water loss due to excess solutes in urine Signup and view all the answers

What is the normal blood pH range that maintains homeostasis?

7.35 to 7.45 Signup and view all the answers

Which mechanism acts slowly to regulate pH balance within the body?

Renal compensation Signup and view all the answers

What causes blood alkalosis?

Excessive loss of blood acids Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of interstitial cells in the testes?

Produce testosterone Signup and view all the answers

During which phase of meiosis do homologous pairs separate?

Anaphase 1 Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the acrosomal cap in a sperm cell?

To penetrate the zona pellucida Signup and view all the answers

How does an increase in PCO2 affect blood pH?

Decreases pH and increases H+ concentration Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of nurse cells in the seminiferous tubules?

To nourish developing spermatocytes Signup and view all the answers

Which factor is NOT a cause of acidosis?

Hyperventilation leading to CO2 loss Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of the respiratory system in acid-base balance?

Altering breathing rate to adjust CO2 levels Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Urinary System

Functions: Excretion of waste, regulation of blood volume and blood pressure, regulation of plasma ions, regulation of extracellular fluid pH, regulation of nutrients and vitamin D synthesis, regulation of erythrocyte production.

The Nephron

Functional Unit: Forms urine, consists of:
- Renal Corpuscle:
  - Bowman's capsule
  - Glomerulus (porous capillary)
- Renal Tubule:
  - PCT (proximal convoluted tubule)
  - Loop of Henle (descending and ascending limbs)
  - DCT (distal convoluted tubule)

Filtration Vasculature

Blood Supply: Afferent arteriole brings blood to the glomerulus, blood is filtered across the filtration membrane, blood exits through the efferent arteriole.
Urine Formation Processes:
1. Filtration (inside renal corpuscle)
2. Reabsorption (in the PCT)
3. Secretion (in the DCT)

Glomerular Filtration

Anatomy of the Filtration Membrane:
- Glomerular endothelium (fenestrated)
- Basement membrane
- Physiology of Filtration: Force promoting filtration.
Filterable Molecules: Water, ions (e.g., K+, Na+, Cl-), nutrients (e.g., glucose, amino acids), wastes (e.g., urea, creatinine).
Non-filterable Molecules: Blood cells, plasma proteins.

Tubular Reabsorption

Processes: PCT modified for reabsorption with brush border (microvilli) increasing surface area. Mechanisms include active transport (e.g., Na+), passive transport (e.g., Cl-), facilitated diffusion (e.g., glucose), and osmosis (water). Some molecules have a maximum transport rate.
Glucose transport max: When glucose exceeds the carrier protein capacity, glucose appears in the urine (osmotic diuresis).

Tubular Secretion

Mechanism: Some molecules are secreted by hormones. For example, K+ secretion is driven by aldosterone, and H+ secretion helps balance pH.
- Some substances are actively transported.

Regulation of Urine Concentration and Volume

Renin-angiotensin-aldosterone Mechanism: Hormone mechanism important in increasing water reabsorption, related to blood pressure control.
Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH): Hormone that decreases urine volume and is related to conserving water.
Atrial natriuretic hormone (ANP): Hormone that leads to increasing water excretion..

Composition of Urine

Mostly Water (95%): The remaining 5% consists of dissolved solutes like nitrogenous wastes (e.g., urea, creatinine), uric acid, and other substances. Abnormal components may signal disease.

Dialysis

Process: Diffusion of waste products across a dialysis membrane.

Acid-Base Balance

PH Scale: Indicates the concentration of H+ ions in a solution (ranges from 0 extremely acidic to 14 excessively alkaline).
Acids: Substances that release hydrogen ions.
Bases: Substances that accept hydrogen ions.
Chemical Buffers (e.g., bicarbonate buffer): Help maintain stable pH in the body. These include protein buffers and the carbonic acid-bicarbonate buffer system, which acts quickly. The respiratory or renal systems also contribute, responding more slowly.

Reproduction System

Meiosis: Specialized cell division producing haploid cells. Homologous chromosomes are separated.
- Meiosis I: Chromosomes, crossing over
- Meiosis II: Sister chromatids separate; results in four haploid cells.
Male Reproductive Organs (Testes): Location, anatomy (Dartos muscle, spermatic cord, and cremaster muscle), descent and cryptorchidism, seminiferous tubules, interstitial cells, rete testes, spermatozoa anatomy (head, midpiece, tail);.
**Female reproductive organs (Ovaries):**Location, anatomy (Ovaries and associated structures: ligaments, primordial follicles, primary follicle, secondary follicle, mature follicle, corpus luteum, scar) meiosis and oogenesis.
Ovarian Cycle: Follicular phase (FSH dominant), ovulation (spike in LH, and estrogen), Luteal phase (LH promotes corpus luteum and progestins).
Uterine Cycle: Menstrual, proliferative, and secretory phases; related to changes in hormone levels. Functions of estrogen.
Hormones: (e.g., testosterone, estrogen, progesterone, FSH, LH, GnRH) regulate and support the reproductive processes..
Menopause/Andropause: Changes in hormone levels and reproductive function as one ages.

Other

Other substances that can affect urine production like caffeine and alcohol.
The JG apparatus stimulates renin-angiotensin-aldosterone mechanism including factors impacting release.

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Description

Test your knowledge on the urinary system and the nephron, the functional unit responsible for urine formation. This quiz covers key concepts such as the functions of the urinary system, the structure of the nephron, and the processes involved in glomerular filtration.