Urinary System and Diabetes

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Questions and Answers

What is the typical pH range of urine?

pH 6-7 (correct)

pH 8-9

pH 5-6

pH 7-8

What is the main function of the detrusor muscle in the bladder?

To filter waste from the blood

To regulate blood flow to the kidney

To relax and store urine

To contract and expel urine (correct)

What percentage of urine is composed of water?

80-90%

95-98%

98-99%

90-95% (correct)

What is the function of the valve-like fold of bladder mucosa in the ureter openings?

To prevent backflow of urine (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is a common site for bacterial infections in diabetes?

Urinary tract (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the inflammation of the urethra?

Uretritis (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary component of transitional epithelium in the mucosa of the bladder?

Transitional epithelium (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the typical volume of a moderately full bladder?

500mL (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the inability to control micturition?

Incontinence (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the treatment for renal calculi?

Lithotripsy or surgery (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the prostate gland in males?

To surround the urethra (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the typical daily volume of urine production?

1.5-2.5 liters (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the inflammation of the kidneys?

Pyelonephritis (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the reason for urinary retention in males?

Enlargement of the prostate gland (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the mechanism of micturition?

Relaxation of both internal and external urethral sphincters (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the inability to micturate?

Retention (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the normal output of urine per hour?

50-60ml (B) Signup and view all the answers

What type of muscle controls the external urethral sphincter?

Skeletal muscle (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of peristalsis in the ureter?

To aid gravity in urine transport from the kidneys to the bladder (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is the length of the urethra in females?

3-4 cm (1-1.5 inches) (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is the location of the urethra in females?

Along the wall of the vagina (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the internal urethral sphincter?

To keep the urethra closed when urine is not being passed (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the length of the ureters?

10-12 inches (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the mucosal lining in the ureters?

To provide a continuous lining with the renal pelvis and the bladder (C) Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Urine Characteristics

Urine is colored yellow due to the pigment urochrome
Urine is sterile and slightly aromatic
Normal pH of urine is around 6
Specific gravity of urine is between 1.001 to 1.035
Urine composition differs based on diet, metabolic activity, and urine output
Urine is made up of 95% water, contains urea, uric acid, electrolytes, and amino acids

Urinary Bladder

The bladder wall has three layers of smooth muscle (detrusor muscle)
The mucosa is made of transitional epithelium
The bladder can expand significantly without increasing internal pressure
A moderately full bladder can hold around 500mL (1 pint), and a full bladder can stretch to hold more than twice that amount

Ureter

The ureter is a slender tube that attaches the kidney to the bladder
The mucosal lining is continuous with that of the renal pelvis and bladder
The ureter runs behind the peritoneum and enters the posterior aspect of the bladder at a slight angle
Peristalsis aids gravity in urine transport from the kidneys to the bladder

Micturition (Voiding)

Both internal and external urethral sphincters must open to allow voiding
The internal urethral sphincter relaxes after the bladder stretches to around 200mL
Activation of micturition is from an impulse sent to the spinal cord and then back via the pelvic nerves
The external urethral sphincter must be voluntarily relaxed
Incontinence is the inability to control micturition, and retention is the inability to micturate

Urethra

The urethra is a thin-walled tube that carries urine from the bladder to the outside of the body by peristalsis
The release of urine is controlled by two sphincters: internal urethral sphincter and external urethral sphincter
The internal urethral sphincter is a thickening of smooth muscle at the bladder-urethra junction
The external urethral sphincter is a voluntary skeletal muscle that controls urine as the urethra passes through the pelvic floor

Urethra Gender Differences

Female urethra is shorter (3-4 cm or 1-1.5 inches) and located along the wall of the vagina
Male urethra is longer (20 cm or 7-8 inches) and passes through the prostate and penis

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Description

This quiz covers the basics of the urinary system, including the structure and function of the urinary bladder, and the relationship between diabetes and urinary tract infections.