Urinary Findings and Diagnoses Quiz

Inflammation of the bladder, often caused by bacteria, characterized by frequent urination, pain during urination, and potential leukocytes and erythrocytes in the urine.

A kidney infection, typically caused by bacteria, presenting with fever, back pain, and potential leukocytes and bacteria in the urine.

A serious kidney condition with damage to the filtering units (glomeruli) causing proteinuria and edema.

A condition involving inflammation of the kidney tubules, often associated with drug allergies, causing renal dysfunction.

A kidney infection characterized by fever, back pain, and potential leukocytes and bacteria in the urine.

A syndrome characterized by inflammation of the glomeruli, causing proteinuria, hematuria, and high blood pressure.

A chronic kidney disease, characterized by progressive decline in kidney function, often causing proteinuria, edema, and high blood pressure.

A condition involving inflammation of the urethra, often caused by sexually transmitted infections, characterized by burning during urination and potential discharge.

A condition characterized by excessive production of catecholamines (epinephrine and norepinephrine) by a tumor in the adrenal medulla.

A disorder characterized by hypersecretion of aldosterone from the adrenal glands, leading to low potassium levels and high blood pressure.

A condition where the body doesn't produce enough insulin, leading to high blood sugar levels.

A condition characterized by excessive urine production, typically exceeding 600 ml per day.

A medical procedure that involves the use of ultrasound waves to create images of the kidneys and their blood vessels. It helps assess the size, shape, and function of the kidneys.

An inflammation of the bladder, often accompanied by painful urination and an increased number of leukocytes and erythrocytes in the urine.

A medical procedure where a small sample of kidney tissue is removed and examined under a microscope, providing a detailed diagnosis of kidney diseases.

A test that measures the presence and amount of various substances in the urine, including protein, leukocytes, and erythrocytes.

A condition characterized by high blood pressure, often accompanied by flushing, fear, palpitations, weakness, sweating, and increased urination. Metanephrines in the urine are significantly elevated.

A condition marked by excessive cortisol production, often presenting with weight gain, moon face, red stretch marks, hypertension, and increased thirst and urination.

A group of medications that block the action of aldosterone, a hormone that regulates sodium and potassium levels.

A group of medications that block the conversion of angiotensin I to angiotensin II, which is a potent vasoconstrictor.

A group of medications that block the effects of aldosterone, a hormone that regulates sodium and potassium levels.

A group of medications that block the action of alpha-adrenergic receptors, leading to vasodilation and a decrease in blood pressure.

A group of medications that block the entry of calcium into cells, resulting in vasodilation and a decrease in blood pressure.

A group of medications that block the effects of angiotensin II by binding to its receptors, leading to vasodilation and a decrease in blood pressure.

A type of respiratory disorder marked by inflammation and narrowing of the airways, leading to coughing, wheezing, and shortness of breath. It's often triggered by allergens, irritants, or viral infections.

A class of medications that help to relax the muscles in the airways, widening them and making it easier to breathe. They are commonly used to treat asthma and COPD.

A type of medication that works by suppressing the immune system's inflammatory response in the lungs. They are often used to prevent asthma attacks and manage chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD).

These are short-acting medications that are used to quickly relieve the symptoms of asthma or COPD. They work by relaxing the muscles in the airways, making it easier to breathe.

The most appropriate management for a patient diagnosed with Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) stage A. Avoiding smoking is essential to manage the disease progress, along with other prescribed medications.

A measure of lung function that assesses the volume of air a person can exhale forcefully in one second, divided by the total amount of air they can exhale. It helps to diagnose and monitor respiratory conditions like COPD.

A measure of lung function in which FEV1 is divided by the total volume of air that can be exhaled (Forced Vital Capacity). It is used to assess the severity of airway obstruction in conditions like COPD.

A chronic respiratory disease characterized by airflow limitation and breathlessness, often caused by smoking and air pollution. It's marked by progressive limitations in lung function.

A respiratory condition characterized by shortness of breath, dry cough, barrel chest, and diminished lung function, suggesting an obstructive lung disease. It often presents with finger clubbing (progressively enlarged fingertips and nails) and accentuation of the second heart sound in the pulmonary artery, indicating pulmonary hypertension. Imaging often shows a reticular pattern in the lungs, primarily in the lower lobes.

Refers to a condition where the lungs are chronically inflamed and clogged with mucus, making it hard to breathe. It is typically characterized by a non-productive cough, dyspnea, dyspnea on exertion, wheezing, and chest tightness.

The most appropriate treatment is to initiate bronchodilator therapy, which helps to relax the muscles in the airways and improve airflow.

Treatment focuses on the bacterial etiology of the pneumonia, aiming to eradicate the infection. Amoxicillin is an antibiotic commonly used for community-acquired pneumonia. However, the increasing temperature and persistent cough, even with amoxicillin therapy, suggest treatment failure and necessitate a change in the antibacterial approach.

Azithromycin is a suitable choice for a change in antibacterial strategy because it covers a broader range of bacteria, offering a possible solution for treating resistant infections. Other options can be considered depending on the specific bacteria identified.

A condition characterized by increased thirst (polydipsia), frequent urination (polyuria), and weight loss, suggesting a possible hormonal imbalance associated with diabetes insipidus. The normal blood glucose level and absence of abnormal urine findings (except for low specific gravity) eliminate diabetes mellitus as a possibility.

Desmopressin is used to treat diabetes insipidus by replacing the deficient hormone, vasopressin, responsible for regulating water balance. It effectively addresses the polydipsia and polyuria associated with this condition.

A likely diagnosis is polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), a hormonal disorder that can lead to weight gain, visual disturbances (due to increased insulin resistance), menstrual irregularities, and other symptoms. Further investigation is necessary to confirm the diagnosis.