11 Questions
What are the components of the urinary system?
Kidneys, ureters, bladder, urethra
What is the average urine production in adult humans per day?
1-2 liters
What is the term for excessive urine production?
Polyuria
Which of the following functions is not carried out by the urinary system?
Digestion of proteins
What condition refers to producing less than the normal volume of urine?
Oliguria
What is the term for the condition when more than 150 mg/day of protein is found in urine?
Proteinuria
What is indicated by the presence of significant glucose amounts in urine?
Glycosuria
Which highly pigmented compound in urine can be an early indication of liver disease?
Bilirubin
What are the products of incomplete fat metabolism that appear in urine called?
Ketones
What does a positive nitrite test in urine indicate?
Presence of bacteria
What condition is characterized by the presence of abnormal numbers of red blood cells in urine?
Hematuria
Study Notes
Urinalysis
Components
- Protein: a small amount of filtered plasma proteins is normal, but more than 150 mg/day is considered proteinuria.
- Glucose: normal renal threshold is 160-180 mg/dl, and significant amounts in the urine is called glycosuria.
- Bilirubin: a highly pigmented compound that is a by-product of hemoglobin degradation, and its presence in the urine is an early indication of liver disease.
- Ketones: products of incomplete fat metabolism, appearing in the urine when there is a defect in carbohydrate metabolism.
- Nitrite: many bacteria that are urinary tract pathogens reduce nitrate to nitrite, and a positive nitrite test indicates their presence.
Microscopic Urinalysis
- Requires a light microscope to detect cells, debris, bacteria, and crystals.
- Hematuria: the presence of abnormal numbers of red blood cells, which can be due to glomerular damage, kidney trauma, urinary tract stones, or upper and lower urinary tract infections.
Background
- The urinary system consists of the kidneys, ureters, bladder, and urethra.
- The purpose of the urinary system is to eliminate waste, regulate blood volume and blood pressure, control levels of electrolytes and metabolites, and regulate blood pH.
- Average urine production in adult humans is about 1-2 liters per day, depending on state of hydration, activity level, environmental factors, weight, and individual health.
- Polyuria: a condition of excessive urine production (>2.5 L/day).
- Oliguria: a condition of insufficient urine production, which requires medical attention.
Learn about the different components of urinalysis, including protein, glucose, bilirubin, and ketones, and their significance in medical diagnosis.
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