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Questions and Answers
What are the components of the urinary system?
What are the components of the urinary system?
What is the average urine production in adult humans per day?
What is the average urine production in adult humans per day?
What is the term for excessive urine production?
What is the term for excessive urine production?
Which of the following functions is not carried out by the urinary system?
Which of the following functions is not carried out by the urinary system?
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What condition refers to producing less than the normal volume of urine?
What condition refers to producing less than the normal volume of urine?
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What is the term for the condition when more than 150 mg/day of protein is found in urine?
What is the term for the condition when more than 150 mg/day of protein is found in urine?
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What is indicated by the presence of significant glucose amounts in urine?
What is indicated by the presence of significant glucose amounts in urine?
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Which highly pigmented compound in urine can be an early indication of liver disease?
Which highly pigmented compound in urine can be an early indication of liver disease?
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What are the products of incomplete fat metabolism that appear in urine called?
What are the products of incomplete fat metabolism that appear in urine called?
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What does a positive nitrite test in urine indicate?
What does a positive nitrite test in urine indicate?
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What condition is characterized by the presence of abnormal numbers of red blood cells in urine?
What condition is characterized by the presence of abnormal numbers of red blood cells in urine?
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Study Notes
Urinalysis
Components
- Protein: a small amount of filtered plasma proteins is normal, but more than 150 mg/day is considered proteinuria.
- Glucose: normal renal threshold is 160-180 mg/dl, and significant amounts in the urine is called glycosuria.
- Bilirubin: a highly pigmented compound that is a by-product of hemoglobin degradation, and its presence in the urine is an early indication of liver disease.
- Ketones: products of incomplete fat metabolism, appearing in the urine when there is a defect in carbohydrate metabolism.
- Nitrite: many bacteria that are urinary tract pathogens reduce nitrate to nitrite, and a positive nitrite test indicates their presence.
Microscopic Urinalysis
- Requires a light microscope to detect cells, debris, bacteria, and crystals.
- Hematuria: the presence of abnormal numbers of red blood cells, which can be due to glomerular damage, kidney trauma, urinary tract stones, or upper and lower urinary tract infections.
Background
- The urinary system consists of the kidneys, ureters, bladder, and urethra.
- The purpose of the urinary system is to eliminate waste, regulate blood volume and blood pressure, control levels of electrolytes and metabolites, and regulate blood pH.
- Average urine production in adult humans is about 1-2 liters per day, depending on state of hydration, activity level, environmental factors, weight, and individual health.
- Polyuria: a condition of excessive urine production (>2.5 L/day).
- Oliguria: a condition of insufficient urine production, which requires medical attention.
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Description
Learn about the different components of urinalysis, including protein, glucose, bilirubin, and ketones, and their significance in medical diagnosis.
